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 BISHOSPHONATES BRAND NAME:- NOT AVAILABLE. BISPHOSPHONATES (BPNs) are analogue of pyrophosphate: carbon atom replacing oxygen in the P-O-P skeleton. They inhibits bone resorption and have recently attracted considerable attention because of their ability to prevent osteoporosis in addition to their usefulness in metabolic bone disease and hypercalcaemia. They are the most effective antiresorptive drugs . Chronologically and according to potency, the BPNs can be grouped into 3 generation. The first generation compounds have simpler side chains ,are the least potent and seldom Used now. The second and third generation compounds have an amino or nitrogenous ring substitution in the side chain, are more potent,have higher efficacy and additional mode of action. PHARMACOKINETICS:- BISPHOSPHONATES that is resorbed (from oral preparation) or infused (for intravenous drugs), about 50% is excreted unchanged by the kidney. The remainder has a very high affinity for bone tissue, and is rapid...

 BIVALIRUDIN BRAND NAME:-  Angiomax ,Angiox BIVALIRUDIN is a direct thrombin inhibitor . It is a smaller peptide prepared synthetically which has action, However,its action is slowly reversible due to cleavage of its peptide bonds by thrombin itself. Used to treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and to prevent thrombosis during percutaneous coronary intervention.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Coagulation times return to baseline approximately 1 hour following cessation of bivalirudin administration. Bivalirudin mediates an inhibitory action on thrombin by directly and specifically binding to both the catalytic site and anion-binding exosite of circulating and clot-bound thrombin. The action of bivalirudin is reversible because thrombin will slowly cleave the thrombin-bivalirudin bond which recovers the active site of thrombin. MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Bivalirudin directly inhibits thrombin by specifically binding both to the catalytic site and to the anion-binding exosite of circulati...

 BORIC ACID BRAND NAME:- BORIC ACID, BOROCIDE  BORIC ACID Is only bacteriostatic and a very weak antiseptic. But being non irritating even to delicate structure, saturated aqueous solution (4%) have been used for irrigating eyes , mouth wash ,douche, etc.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Boric acid exhibits minimal bacteriostatic and antifungal activities 4. Boric acid is likely to mediate antifungal actions at high concentrations over prolonged exposures.  MECHANISM OF ACTION: Information regarding the mechanism of action of boric acid in mediating its antibacterial or antifungal actions is limited. Boric acid inhibits biofilm formation and hyphal transformation of Candida albicans, which are critical virulence factors . In addition, arrest of fungal growth was observed with the treatment of boric acid .  USED:- Its use for irrigating bladder,large wounds ,as ointment on extensive burnt areas,liberal use of powder for infants is not recommended. SIDE EFFECTS:- Boric acid is ...

 BORTEZOMIB BRAND NAME:- EGYBORT 3.5mg vial for inj  BORTEZOMIB is an anti-cancer medication used to treat multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma.This includes multiple myeloma in those who have and have not previously received treatment. It is generally used together with other medications. It is given by injection . PHARMACODYNAMIC:- After subcutaneous administration, peak plasma levels are ~25-50 nM and this peak is sustained for 1-2 hrs. After intravenous injection, peak plasma levels are ~500 nM but only for ~5 minutes, after which the levels rapidly drop as the drug distributes to tissues (volume of distribution is ~500 L). Both routes provide equal drug exposures and generally comparable therapeutic efficacy. Elimination half life is 9–15 hours and the drug is primarily cleared by hepatic metabolism. The pharmacodynamics of bortezomib are determined by quantifying proteasome inhibition in peripheral blood mononuclear cells taken from people receiving the drug.  ...

 BOTULINUM TOXIN ( A or B ) BRAND NAME:- BOTOX ,DYSPORT  BOTULINUM TOXIN  A and B are highly potent exotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum that are responsible for ' botulism' ( a type of food poisoning). These neurotoxic proteins cause long- lasting loss of cholinergic transmission by interacting with axonal proteins involved in exocytotic release of Ach. Localized injection of minute quantity of botulinum toxin.  PHARMACODYNAMIC :- Botulinum toxin A inhibits the release of acetylcholine, relieving muscle contraction and spasm associated with many conditions, such as incontinence and dystonia. Cosmetically, botulinum toxin A paralyses muscles in the face to temporarily treat wrinkles. The maximum effects of muscle paralysis occur four to seven days after a dose.When injected at therapeutic doses, botulinum toxin A causes partial chemical denervation of muscle tissue, causing local reduction of muscle activity. Muscle atrophy may result, axonal sprouting may beg...

 BRADYKININ BRAND NAME:- UNKNOWN. BRADYKININ  is a peptide that promotes inflammation. It causes arterioles to dilate (enlarge) via the release of prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor and makes veins constrict, via prostaglandin F2, thereby leading to leakage into capillary beds, due to the increased pressure in the capillaries. Bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino acids.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- 1.The mode of action of bradykinin -induced release/biosynthesis of prostaglandin E (PGE) was investigated using the method of the isolated perfused rabbit ear. 2.Phentolamine (1 μg /ml) hardly reduced the total amount of PGE released by bradykinin. Only in the first fraction (3 min) following bradykinin injection was PGE release significantly inhibited. 3.Papaverine (5–10 μg/ml) did not affect the bradykinin- induced PGE release but totally abolished the v...

 BRAN ( Dietary fibre) BRAND NAME:- many local brands available in India 🇮🇳. BRAN is a dietary fibre consists of unabsorbable cell wall and other constituents of vegetables food — cellulose, lignins,gums,pectins, glycoproteins and others polysaccharides. PHARMACOLOGICAL & MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  Bran is the residual product of flour industry which consists of ~40% dietary fibre. It absorbs water in the intestine,swells, increases water content of faeces — softens it and facilitates colonic transit. Osmotically active products may be formed in the colon by bacterial degradation of pectins, gums etc. Which act to retain water. Dietary fibre supports bacterial growth in colon which contributes to the faecal mass. Certain Dietary fibres (gums, lignins, pectins) bind bile acids and promote their excretion in faeces » degradation of cholesterol in liver is enhanced » plasma LDL- cholesterol may be somewhat lowered. Increased intake of dietary fibres is the most appropriate meth...

 BRIMONIDINE BRAND NAME:- ALPHAGAN-P ,BRIMODIN - P 0.15% eye drops,IOBRIM 0.2% eye drops. BRIMONIDINE is clonidine congener is more an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used to treat glaucoma and ocular hypertension, as well as facial erythema in rosacea.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- This clonidine congener is more an alpha2 selective and more lipophilic than apraclonidine. It lowers i.o.t. by 20-70% by reducing aqueous production and by increasing uveoscleral flow. Peak effects on i.o.t. occurs after 2 hours . Allergic conjunctivitis and other ocular side effects are similar to but less frequent than with apraclonidine. Because of weaker an alpha1 action, side effects like mydriasis,eyelid retraction, conjunctival blanching followed by hyperemia are less prominent, but dry mouth, sedation and a small fall in BP have been noted. BRIMONIDINE is indicated both for short - term (prophylaxis of i.o.t. spikes post laser / post surgery) as well as long - term use in Glaucoma. It is generally used fo...

 BRINZOLAMIDE BRAND NAME:- azopt, Brinzox , Brinolar  BRINZOLAMIDE is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to lower intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary processes of the eye decreases aqueous humor secretion and thus lowers the intraocular pressure in the anterior chamber, presumably by reducing the rate of formation of bicarbonate ions with subsequent reduction in sodium and fluid transport; this may alleviate the effects of open-angle glaucoma.   PHARMACOKINETICS:- Brinzolamide is a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor which reduces the production of aqueous humor in the ciliary body, thereby reducing intra-ocular pressure. It is formulated as an ophthalmic suspension. The pharmacokinetics of ocular suspensions is not well understood.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Brinzolamide is a highly specific inhibitor of CA-II, which is the main CA isoenzyme involved in the ...

 BROMHEXINE BRAND NAME:- BROMHEXINE 8mg tablet,4mg/5ml elixer. BROMHEXINE is a derivative of the alkaloids vasicine obtained from Adhatoda vasica (Vaska), is a potent mucolytic and mucokinetic , capable of inducing thin copious bronchial secertion. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Bromhexine thins airway secretions, improving breathing and discomfort associated with thick mucus in airways associated with a variety of respiratory conditions . MECHANISM OF ACTION:- BROMHEXINE is a mucolytic agent that act on the mucus glands in the respiratory tract to change the structure of  bronchial secertion . It enhances the transport of  mucus by reducing its viscosity and increase cilia activity resulting in enhances mucocilliary clearance. This secretolytic and secretomotor effects in the bronchial tract  facilitates expectoration and relives  cough. USED:- Bromhexine is used in the treatment of respiratory tract disorders associated with viscid mucus.  SIDE EFFECTS:- Dizziness, He...

 BUFOTENIN BRAND NAME:- UNKNOWN BUFOTENIN isolated from skin of a toad (Bufo marinus ). It is also found in ' cohaba Snuff ' and in the mushroom amanita muscaria. The  above are all indolealkylamines  realted chemically to 5-HT . A number of other synthetic derivatives like  Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) are also hallucinogenic. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Bufotenin is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Not specific mechanism of action, BUFOTENIN mechanism of action are unknown. USED:- Hallucinations , Psychiatrist disorders, mental illness  SIDE EFFECTS:- Death from overdose are almost unknown. However side are common. DOSE:- DIRECTION BY PHYSICIAN 

 BUMETANIDE BRAND NAME:- BUMET ,1mg tab , 0.25mg/ml inj. BUMETANIDE is similar to furosemide in all respects & sulfamyl diuretic , but is 40 times more potent. It induces very rapid diuresis and is highly effective in Pulmonary edema.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Bumetanide is a loop diuretic and works by decreasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys. The main difference between bumetanide and furosemide is in their bioavailability and potency. About 60% of furosemide is absorbed in the intestine, and there are substantial inter- and intraindividual differences in bioavailability (range 10-90%). About 80% of bumetanide is absorbed, and its absorption does not change when it is taken with food. It is said to be a more predictable diuretic, meaning that the predictable absorption is reflected in a more predictable effect.[11] Bumetanide is 40 times more potent than furosemide for people with normal renal function.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Bumetanide interferes with renal cAM...

 BUPROPION BRAND NAME:- SMOQUIT 150mg tab . BUPROPION is a inhibitors of DA and NA uptake has excitant rather than sedative property ,is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and to support smoking cessation. It is also popular as an add-on medication in the cases of "incomplete response" to the first-line selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant . PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Bupropion is chemically unrelated to tricyclic, tetracyclic, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, or other known antidepressant agents. Compared to classical tricyclic antidepressants, Bupropion is a relatively weak inhibitor of the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. In addition, Bupropion does not inhibit monoamine oxidase. Bupropion has been found to be essentially inactive at the serotonin transporter (SERT)(IC50 >10 000 nM),12 however both bupropion and its primary metabolite hydroxybupropion have been found to block the function o...

 BUSPIRONE BRAND NAME:- ANXIPAR,BUSPIN,BUSCALM 5,10mg tab. BUSPIRONE is the first azapirone,a new class of antianxiety drug,distinctly different from BZDs.  PHARMACODYNAMIC :- Buspirone is an anxiolytic drug given at a dosage of 15 mg/day. The mechanism of action of the drug is not well characterised, but it may exert its effect by acting on the dopaminergic system in the central nervous system or by binding to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptors.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Buspirone (Buspar) is a azaspirodecanedione anxiolytic agent. Its mechanism of action is extremely complex, but current investigations indicate that its main neuropharmacologic effects are mediated by the 5-HT1A receptors. Other neuroreceptor systems could be involved, as buspirone displays some affinity for DA2 autoreceptors and 5-HT2 receptors.  USED:- used to treat anxiety. SIDE EFFECTS:- Dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, nervousness, lightheadedness, restlessness, blurred vision, tire...

 BUTAMBEN BRAND NAME:- CETACAINE  BUTAMBEN is local anesthesia of mucus membranes other than the eyes.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Butamben has been shown to selectively inhibit dorsal root pain signal transmission for periods of months when administered as epidural suspensions.1 The effect of butamben is not related to any significant loss of motor function which indicates that it targets specifically the pain-sensing C fibers of the dorsal root.3 When administered topically, butamben produced anesthesia by accumulating in the nerve cell membrane causing it to expand and lose its ability . MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Butamben acts by inhibiting the voltage-gated calcium channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons.2 The modification in this channels is thought to cause a disturbance of the channel kinetics acceleration.1 It is reported as well that butamben is an inhibitor of the sodium channels and a delayed rectifier of potassium currents. All the effects of butamben are performed in the...

 BUTENAFINE 

  BUTORPHANOL BRAND NAME:- BUTRUM 1mg/ml, 2mg/ml inj. BUTORPHANOL is a morphinan-type synthetic agonist–antagonist opioid analgesic. Used to treat moderate to severe pain. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Butorphanol is a synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic with a pharmacological and therapeutic profile that has been well established since its launch as a parenteral formulation in 1978. Butorphanol has agonistic activity at the κ-receptor and antagonistic activity at the μ-receptor. It also exhibits partial agonistic activity at the σ-receptor.  The introduction of a transnasal formulation of butorphanol represents a new and noninvasive presentation of an analgesic for moderate to severe pain. This route of administration bypasses the gastrointestinal tract, and this is an advantage for a drug such as butorphanol that undergoes significant first-pass metabolism after oral administration. The onset of action and systemic bioavailability of butorphanol following transnasal delivery a...

  BUSULFAN BRAND NAME:- MYLERAN, BUSUPHAN 2mg tab. BUSULFAN is highly specific for myeloid elements; granulocyte precursors being the most sensitive, followed by  those of platelets and RBC . It produces little effect on lymphoid tissue and g.i.t. Hyperuricaemia is common; Pulmonary fibrosis and skin pigmentation are the specific adverse effects. Sterility also occurs. It is the drug of choice for chronic myeloid leukaemia.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Busulfan is an alkylsulfonate. It is an alkylating agent that forms DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks between the DNA bases guanine and adenine and between guanine and guanine.[7] This occurs through an SN2 reaction in which the relatively nucleophilic guanine N7 attacks the carbon adjacent to the mesylate leaving group. DNA crosslinking prevents DNA replication. Because the intrastrand DNA crosslinks cannot be repaired by cellular machinery, the cell undergoes apoptosis.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Busulfan is an alkylsulfonate agent. ...

BUPIVACAINE  USE BRAND NAME:- MARCAIN 0.5%,1%, SENSORCAINE 0.25%,0.5% inj. BUPIVACAINE is a potent and long -acting amidelinked LA : used for infiltration,nerve block, epidural and spinal anaesthesia of long duration.   PHARMACODYNAMIC :- Bupivacaine binds to the intracellular portion of voltage-gated sodium channels and blocks sodium influx into nerve cells, which prevents depolarization. Without depolarization, no initiation or conduction of a pain signal can occur. PHARMACOKINETICS:-   The rate of systemic absorption of bupivacaine and other local anesthetics is dependent upon the dose and concentration of drug administered, the route of administration, the vascularity of the administration site, and the presence or absence of epinephrine in the preparation. 1.Onset of action (route and dose-dependent): 1–17 min. 2.Duration of action (route and dose-dependent): 2–9 hr 3.Half life: neonates, 8.1 hr, adults: 2.7 hr. 4.Time to peak plasma concentration (for periphera...

  BUDESONIDE BRAND NAME:- PULMICORT 100,200,400 ug/ metered dose inhaler, BUDECORT 100ug/ metered dose inhalation. FORACORT : Formoterol 6 ug + BUDESONIDE 100 ug/200ug ROTACAPS. RHINOCORT 50ug per metered dose nasal spray; BUDENASE AQ 100ug metered dose aqueous nasal spray;  BUDESONIDE is a nonhalogenated glucocorticoid with high Topical: systemic activity ration (greater first pass metabolism than beclomethasone). Small fraction that is absorbed is rapidly metabolized; less systemic effects,may be preferred in more severe dose. PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Budesonide is a glucocorticoid used to treat respiratory and digestive conditions by reducing inflammation. It has a wide therapeutic index, as dosing varies highly from patient to patient. Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of hypercorticism and adrenal axis suppression.Budesonide appears to be retained within cells, allowing for a once-daily treatment regimen in certain patient groups. MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Budes...

BROMOCRIPTINE BRAND NAME:-   PROCTINAL, SICRIPTIN,PARLODEL,1.25,2.5mg tabs, ENCRIPT 2.5,5mg tabs. BROMOCRIPTINE is synthetic ergot derivative 2- bromo- alpha - ergocryptine is a potent dopamine agonist; most of its actions are based on this property. It has greater action on D2 receptors, while at certain dopamine sites in the brain it acts as a partial agonist or antagonist of D1 receptors. It is also a weak alpha adrenergic blocker but not an oxytocic . PHARMACOKINETICS:- Only ⅓ of an oral dose of bromocriptine is absorbed; bioavailability is further lowered by high first pass metabolism in liver . Even then ,it has higher oral: parenteral activity ration than ergotamine. Metabolites are excerted mainly in bile. Its plasma t½ is 3-6hours. MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  BROMOCRIPTINE has greater action on D2 receptors, while at certain dopamine sites in the brain it acts as a partial agonist or antagonist of D1 receptors. It is also a weak alpha adrenergic blocker but not an oxy...

 BLEOMYCIN   BRAND NAME :- BLEOCIN, BELCAM injection  BLEOMYCIN is a mixture of closely related glycopeptide antibiotics having potent antitumour activity. Used to treat various malignancies, including head and neck malignancy, lymphoma, and testicular tumors, among others. PHARMACOLOGY :- BLEOMYCIN is a glycopeptide antibiotics having antitumour activity. It chelates copper or iron , produces superoxide ions and intercalates between DNA strands —causes chain scission and inhibits repair. It is selectively inhibits the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The guanine and cytosine content correlates with the degree of mitomycin-induced cross-linking. At high concentrations of the drug, cellular RNA and protein synthesis are also suppressed. Bleomycin has been shown in vitro to inhibit B cell, T cell, and macrophage proliferation and impair antigen presentation, as well as the secretion of interferon gamma, TNFa, and IL-2. The antibiotic antitumor drugs are cell cycle-...

  BLEACHING POWDER (Chlorinated lime) BRAND NAME:- BLEACHING POWDER, BLEACHING AGENT  BLEACHING powder is  an inorganic compound .Obtained by the action of chlorine on lime;  resulting in a mixture of calcium chloride and calcium hypochlorite. On exposure,it decomposes releasing 30-35% W/W chlorine . PREPARATION of BLEACHING POWDER :- The manufacture of bleaching powder is carried out in Bachmann’s plant as follows:- The entire system is prepared for the manufacturing of bleaching powder, containing a vertical cast-iron tower packed with a hopper at the top, two inlets near the base (one for chlorine and the other for hot air) and an exit for waste gases near the top. This tower is then fitted with shelves that are placed at varying heights with rotating rakes. The shelves are a total of eight in number. Slaked lime is introduced into the hopper. It eventually comes in contact with chlorine moving slowly in the upward direction. The bleaching powder is then collecte...

  BISOPROLOL BRAND name:- CONCOR ,CORBIS 5mg tab  BISOPROLOL is a Cardioselective Beta blockers lacking intrinsic sympathomimetics activity; suitable for once daily administration in angina, hypertension and CHF. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Bisoprolol decreases heart rate (chronotropy), decreases contractility (inotropy), and reduces blood pressure. The results of various clinical studies indicate that bisoprolol reduces cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure and decreased cardiac ejection fraction (EF). MECHANISM of action:- Bisoprolol is cardioprotective because it selectively and competitively blocks catecholamine (adrenaline) stimulation of β1 adrenergic receptors (adrenoreceptors), which are mainly found in the heart muscle cells and heart conduction tissue (  cardiospecific )  but also found in juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney. It works by relaxing blood vessels and slowing heart rate to improve and decrease blood pressure. Hig...

 BISACODYL BRAND NAME:-  DULCOLAX 5mg,10mg tab & suppository,CONLAX 5mg ,10mg suppository,BIDLAX-5  5mg tab. BISACODYL is a laxative. It works by increasing the movement of the intestines, thereby facilitating the passage of stool. It also helps clean out the intestines prior to medical procedures or examinations. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- They are partly absorbed and reexcreted  in bile. The enterohepatic circulation is greater in case of phenolphthalein which can produce protracted action. Bisacodyl is activated in the intestine by deacetylation . The primary site of action of diphenylmethanes is in the colon where they irritate the mucosa , produce mild inflammation and increase secertion. One or two semiformed motions occurs after 6-8 hours. MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Bisacodyl works by stimulating enteric neurons to cause peristalsis, i.e., colonic contractions. It is also a contact laxative; it increases fluid and salt secretion. The action of bisacodyl on the small int...

BIPERIDEN BRAND NAME:- DYSKINON 2mg tab., 5mg/ml inj. BIPERIDEN is an antiparkinsonian drug &  muscarinic receptor antagonist used to treat parkinsonism and control extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptic drugs.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Biperiden has an atropine-like blocking effect on all peripheral structures which are parasympathetic-innervated (e.g. cardiovascular and visceral organs). It also has a prominent central blocking effect on M1 receptors. Biperiden does also act as FIASMA (functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase.  Biperiden is a weak peripheral anticholinergic agent. It has, therefore, some antisecretory, antispasmodic and mydriatic effects. In addition, biperiden possesses nicotinolytic activity. The parenteral form of biperiden is an effective and reliable agent for the treatment of acute episodes of extrapyramidal disturbances sometimes seen during treatment with neuroleptic agents. Akathisia, akinesia, dyskinetic tremors, rigor, oculogyric crisis...

 BETAXOLOL BRAND NAME:-  OPTIPRESS, IOBET,OCUBETA 0.5%eye drops.  BETAXOLOL is Beta1 selective blocker offering the advantage of less bronchopulmonary and probably less cardiac, central and metabolic side effects. Used in the treatment of hypertension and angina. PHARMACOLOGY:- Betaxolol is a competitive, beta(1)-selective (cardioselective) adrenergic antagonist.  Activation of beta(1)-receptors (located mainly in the heart) by epinephrine increases the heart rate and the blood pressure, and the heart consumes more oxygen. Drugs such as betaxolol that block these receptors therefore have the reverse effect: they lower the heart rate and blood pressure and hence are used in conditions when the heart itself is deprived of oxygen. They are routinely prescribed in patients with ischemic heart disease. In addition, beta(1)-selective blockers prevent the release of renin, which is a hormone produced by the kidneys which leads to constriction of blood vessels. Betaxolol is ...

 BETAMETHASONE DISPROPORTIONATE BRAND NAME:- DIPROLENE oint  BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE is a glucocorticoid steroid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive abilities. It is applied as a topical cream, ointment, lotion or gel . PHARMACOKINETICS:- Absorption of topical corticosteroids depends on several factors such as the vehicle, or delivery system used by the drug, the integrity of the epidermal barrier, and whether or not an occlusive bandage is used in combination with the drug.The absorption of topical betamethasone dipropionate is theoretically minuscule; however, if absorbed it follows the same pharmacokinetic profile that is typical of systemic corticosteroids. It is metabolized primarily by the liver by hydrolysis to its metabolites B17P (primary) and betamethasone and the 6β-hydroxy derivatives of those metabolites, and it is excreted primarily by the kidneys. MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  Betamethasone dipropionate binds to specific intracellular glucocorticoid re...

 BETAMETHASONE  BRAND NAME:- BETNESOL ,BETACORTRIL ,CELESTONE 0.5mg ,1mgtab,BETNELAN 0.5mg ,1mg tabs.  BETAMETHASONE is a steroid (also called a corticosteroid). Steroids help to reduce inflammation in the skin (and other parts of your body). Skin gets inflamed when an allergic reaction or irritation causes chemicals to be released in the skin.  PHARMACOLOGY:- Betamethasone is a long-acting corticosteroid with immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory properties. It can be used topically to manage inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema, and parenterally to manage several disease states including autoimmune disorders.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Betamethasone binds to specific intracellular glucocorticoid receptors and subsequently binds to DNA to modify gene expression. The synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory proteins is induced while the synthesis of certain inflammatory mediators is inhibited. It has anti-inflammatory activity and can suppress the immune syste...

 BENZYL PENICILLIN (PENICILLIN -G) 

 BENZYL BENZOATE 

 BENZOYL PEROXIDE  BRAND NAME:-  PERSOL, PERNOX, BENZAC-AC 2.5% and 5%gel , PERSOL FORTE 10% cream with sulfur ppt.5%. BENZOYL PEROXIDE is one of the most effective and widely used in acne: gradually liberates oxygen (in the presence of water) which kills bacteria, especially anaerobic/ microaerophilic ones: used almost exclusively for acne because of its High efficacy against P.acnes and additional keratolytic and comedolytic properties. P.acenes  or other bacteria do not develop resistance to benzoyl peroxide. It induces mild desquamation the comedone caps are shed and production of irritant fatty acids in the sebum is reduced. Benzoyl peroxide is a mild irritant of the skin- burning and stinging sensation is often felt initially, localized erythema may occur . Most patients gradually developed tolerance to these actions; if not ,use should be discontinued. Avoid contact with eyes,lips , mucous membranes and denuded skin . It can bleach hair and coloured fabric....

 BENZOIN COMPOUND BRAND NAME:- BENZOIN tincture or etc . PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Benzoin Compound exhibits antiseptic properties.Benzoin resin is a compound used to protect small wounds or canker sores. Benzoin resin is a balsamic resin obtained from the bark of several species of trees in the genus Styrax. There are two common kinds of benzoin, benzoin Siam and benzoin Sumatra, that are obtained from different species of the Styrax tree.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- The full mechanism of action is not yet fully established. Benzoic acid present in tincture of benzoin as well as the strong alcoholic content of the common pharmaceutical preparation are thought to play antiseptic and dehydrating effects on the oedematous tissue . BENZOIN COMPOUND acts as a skin protectant. It helps in the treatment of the common cold, inflammation, canker sores, cough and mild gum diseases. It also helps in relieving minor irritation in the airways (laryngitis) when mixed with hot water and inhaled as...

 BENZNIDAZOLE  Brand name:- Unkown BENZNIDAZOLE is a trypanocidal agent used to treat Chagas disease. Benznidazole was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on an "accelerated" basis. In clinical studies, some people responded to benznidazole, but further studies are needed.  Pharmacodynamic:-  Benznidazole is a trypanocidal agent which kills the causative organism in Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi .Benznidazole is a nitroimidazole antiparasitic with good activity against acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, commonly referred to as Chagas disease. Like other nitroimidazoles, benznidazole's main mechanism of action is to generate radical species which can damage the parasite's DNA or cellular machinery.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Benznidazole is thought to be reduced to various electrophilic metabolites by nitroreductases present in Trypanosoma cruzi 1. These metabolites likely bind to proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA resulting in damage to these ...

 BENZATHINE BENZYLPENICILLIN 

 BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE  BRAND NAME:-  BECLATE INHALER 50ug,100ug ,200ug , BECORIDE 50,100,250ug ,BECLATE ROTACAPS,AEROCORT INHALOR, AEROCORT ROTACAPS.   BECLOMETHASONE, also known as beclomethasone dipropionate, is an inhaled corticosteroid used as maintenance treatment in the prophylaxis of asthma attacks. PHARMACOLOGY :- Beclomethasone is mainly a glucocorticoid.Glucocorticoids are corticosteroids that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor[15] that is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell. The activated glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex up-regulates the expression of anti-inflammatory proteins in the nucleus (a process known as transactivation) and represses the expression of proinflammatory proteins in the cytosol by preventing the translocation of other transcription factors from the cytosol into the nucleus (transrepression). MECHANISM OF ACTION:- BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE is a diester  of beclomethasone , a synthesis corticoster...

 BARIUM SULFATE BRAND NAME:-  BARICON , BAROTRACT, BAROCAT etc  BARIUM SULFATE is a contrast agent used for CT scans of the gastrointestinal tract, & is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO4. It is a white crystalline solid that is odorless and insoluble in water.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Barium sulfate is an insoluble material which, because of its density, provides a positive contrast during x-ray examination. Barium sulfate is an inert radiopaque material which is not absorbed or metabolized and is eliminated intact from the body in a manner similar to other non-absorbed inorganic materials. Excretion rate is a function of gastrointestinal transit time.  Barium sulfate increases the absorption of x-rays as they are passed throughout the body, delineating body structures, in which barium sulfate is localized. This allows for the clear visualization of normal organs/defect in normal anatomy .  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Barium sulfate is in a cla...