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 Ciclesonide Brand name:- Ciclez 80ûg and 160ûg per metered inhaler. Ciclesonide is a steroid which works by blocking the production of certain chemical messengers in the body that cause inflammation (redness and swelling) and allergies. Pharmacodynamic:-  Ciclesonide is a pro-drug that is enzymatically hydrolyzed to a pharmacologically active metabolite, C21- desisobutyryl- ciclesonide (des- ciclesonide or RM1) following intranasal application. Des- ciclesonide has anti-inflammatory activity with affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor that is 120 times higher than the parent compound. The precise mechanism through which ciclesonide affects allergic rhinitis symptoms is not known. Corticosteroids have been shown to have a wide range of effects on multiple cell types (e.g., mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes) and mediators (e.g., histamine, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, and cytokines) involved in allergic inflammation. Mechanism of action:-  ...

 Cefepime Brand name:- Kefage , ceficad, cepime0.5 , 1.0 g inj. Cefepime is an antibiotic. It kills bacteria by preventing them from forming the bacterial protective covering (cell wall) which is needed for them to survive. Pharmacodynamic:- Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is active against Gram-negative bacteria such as Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Viridans group streptococci. Compared to third-generation cephalosporins, cefepime has an extended Gram-negative coverage. Whereas other cephalosporins are degraded by plasmid- and chromosome-mediated beta-lactamases, cefepime is stable and not significantly hydrolyzed by these enzymes. Cefepime is also a poor inducer of type 1 beta-lactamases and, therefore, a good alternative agains...

 Castor oil Brand name:- Many brand available in BHARAT 🇮🇳. Castor Oil is pressed virgin oil that is beneficial for constipation. Castor oil is a common ingredient in many beauty products. It is rich in essential fatty acids that moisturize the skin. It is a good source of vitamin E, omega-9, and omega-6. It has laxative properties, is anti-inflammatory and is useful for wounds. Pharmacodynamic:- 🚫 Not available .  Mechanism of action:- 🚫 Not available.  Used:-  •Castor oil is a thick, odourless oil made from the seeds of the castor plant.   •It is pressed virgin oil that is beneficial for constipation.   •It is rich in essential fatty acids that moisturize the skin. Side effects:-  Common side effects  Nausea, Vomiting, abdominal pain or fullness, Thirst, Dizziness, Diarrhea, Anal irritation, Insomnia Dose:- 15-20 ml (adult) 5-15ml (children) in generally taken in the morning. Use as directed by your doctor.

 Carisoprodol Brand name:- carisoma , somaflam . Carisoprodol is a muscle relaxant. It works on the centres in the brain and spinal cord to relieve muscle stiffness or spasm without reduction in strength. This improves pain and movement of muscles. Pharmacodynamic:- Carisoprodol is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant that does not act directly on skeletal muscle but acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS). This drug relieves the painful effects of muscle spasm . A metabolite of carisoprodol, meprobamate, possesses both anxiolytic and sedative properties Label. Clinical studies have shown that this drug causes impairment of psychomotor performance in neuropsychological tests.  Mechanism of action:-  The mechanism of action of carisoprodol in relieving discomfort associated with acute painful musculoskeletal conditions has not been confirmed. In studies using animal models, the muscle relaxation that is induced by carisoprodol is associated with a change i...

 Cefazolin Brand name:- Reflin , Alcizon, Orizolin 0.25g , 0.5g ,1g per vial inj. Cefazolin is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic mainly used for the treatment of skin bacterial infections and other moderate to severe bacterial infections in the lung, bone, joint, stomach, blood, heart valve, and urinary tract. Pharmacodynamic:-  Cefazolin (also known as cefazoline or cephazolin) is a semi-synthetic first generation cephalosporin for parenteral administration. Cefazolin has broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. Mechanism of action:-  Cefazolin inhibits cell wall biosynthesis by binding penicillin-binding proteins which stops peptidoglycan synthesis. Penicillin-binding proteins are bacterial proteins that help to catalyze the last stages of peptidoglycan synthesis, which is needed to maintain the cell wall. They remove the D-alanine from the precursor o...

 BAL ( BRITISH ANTILEWISITE ) , DIMERCAPROL  BRAND NAME:- BAL INJ mg/2ml ( in arachis oil) inj. DIMERCAPROL is a chelating agent used as an antidote to arsenic, gold, and mercury poisoning, as well as acute lead poisoning in combination with edetate calcium disodium. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Due to its oily nature, dimercaprol is not absorbed orally and its administration requires a deep intra-muscular injection that is extremely painful and allergenic. It was found to mobilize and relocate lead to the brain, increasing its neurotoxic effects. Despite that fact that dimercaprol increases cadmium excretion, there is an associated increase in kidney cadmium concentration. Because of this, dimercaprol must be avoided in patients with cadmium toxicity.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- The sulfhydryl groups of dimercaprol form complexes with certain heavy metals thus preventing or reversing the metallic binding of sulfhydryl-containing enzymes. The complex is excreted in the urine.  USED:...