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  BUTORPHANOL BRAND NAME:- BUTRUM 1mg/ml, 2mg/ml inj. BUTORPHANOL is a morphinan-type synthetic agonist–antagonist opioid analgesic. Used to treat moderate to severe pain. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Butorphanol is a synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic with a pharmacological and therapeutic profile that has been well established since its launch as a parenteral formulation in 1978. Butorphanol has agonistic activity at the κ-receptor and antagonistic activity at the μ-receptor. It also exhibits partial agonistic activity at the σ-receptor.  The introduction of a transnasal formulation of butorphanol represents a new and noninvasive presentation of an analgesic for moderate to severe pain. This route of administration bypasses the gastrointestinal tract, and this is an advantage for a drug such as butorphanol that undergoes significant first-pass metabolism after oral administration. The onset of action and systemic bioavailability of butorphanol following transnasal delivery a...