webmedi.blogspot.com

 AMIFOSTINE (ethiofos) BRAND NAME:- CYTOFOS,NAPROFOS 500mg /vial inj. AMIFOSTINE is an organic thiophosphate which on activation by alkaline phosphate acts as a cytoprotective against cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It is marketed by Clinigen Group under the trade name  Ethyol . MECHANISM OF ACTION:- The thiol metabolite is responsible for most of the cytoprotective and radioprotective properties of amifostine. It is readily taken up by cells where it binds to and detoxifies reactive metabolites of platinum and alkylating agents as well as scavenges free radicals. Other possible effects include inhibition of apoptosis, alteration of gene expression and modification of enzyme activity. SIDE EFFECTS:- Short term side effects of amifostine itself are nausea, vomiting, hypotension and infusion related reaction.Delayed adverse effects is hypocalcaemia .  USED:- IT is particularly used for Prophylaxis of cisplatin induced neuro/nephrotoxicity, and radiotherapy related xer...

AMETHOCAINE ( TETRACAINE )  BRAND NAME:-ANETHANE powder for solution,1% ointment. Tetracaine  is a local ester anaesthetic agent used to induce local analgesia in the eyes and skin during medical procedures. Pharmacodynamic:-  Not 🚫 AVAILABLE  Mechanism of action:- A highly lipid - soluble PABA ester ,more potent and more toxic due to slow hydrolysis by plasma pseudocholinesterase . It is both surface and conduction block anaesthetic, but its use is restricted to topical application to the eye,nose, throat,tracheobronchial tree and rarely for spinal or caudal anaesthesia of long duration. Though it is slow acting, absorption from tracheobronchial spray is very fast and blood concentrations approach those attained after i.v. injection. USED:- Use in emergency departments, especially for starting intravenous lines in children, in view of its analgesic and cost-saving properties.  Tetracaine is the T in TAC, a mixture of 5 to 12% tetracaine, 0.05% adrenaline, and ...

 AMBROXOL BRAND NAME:- AMBRIL,AMBROLITE,AMBRODIL,MUCOLITE 30mg tab,30mg/5 ml liquid,7.5mg/ml drops. Ambroxol a metabolite of bromhexine having similar mucolytic action.The initiation of the action occurs after about 30 minutes when administered orally. The degradation of the fibers of acid mucopolysaccharide makes the sputum thinner and less viscous and therefore easier to extract by coughing. While sputum volume gradually decreases, for as long as care is continued, its viscosity remains low. MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Ambroxol is a mucolytic agent. Excessive Nitric oxide (NO) is associated with inflammatory and some other disturbances of airways function. NO enhances the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and cGMP accumulation. Ambroxol has been shown to inhibit the NO-dependent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. It is also possible that the inhibition of NO-dependent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase can suppress the excessive mucus secretion, therefore it lowers the...

 AMANTADINE BRAND NAME:-AMANTREL,NEAMAN ,COMANTREL 100mg tab. AMANTADINE as an antiviral drug for prophylaxis of influenza A2, and Glutamate (NMDA -RECEPTOR) ANTAGONIST (DOPAMINE FACILITATOR ) class of drug . PHARMACODYNAMIC & MECHANISM OF ACTION:- it was found serendipitiously to benefit parkinosonism. It acts rapidly but has lower efficacy than levodopa , which is equivalent to or higher than ANTI- cholinergic. About 2/3rd patients derive some benefit. However, tolerance develops over months and the efficacy is gradually lost.  Amantadine promotes presynaptic synthesis and release of DNA  in the brain and has anticholinergic property. These were believed to explain all its beneficial effects in Parkinosonism. However,an antagonistic action on  NMDA type of glutamate receptors, through which the striatal dopaminergic system exerts its influence is now considered to be more important. CHEMICALLY,it is unique Tricycle amine unrelated to any nucleic acid precursor,...

 ALVIMOPAN BRAND NAME:-Enterg, ALVIMOPAN  is a drug which behave as a peripherally acting u- opioid respestor antagonist for the treatment of postoperative ileus and constipation following abdominal surgery. It is currently approved in May 2008 by food and drugs administration. MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  Alvimopan absorption from gout and its penetration into brain is poor due to its polar nature. Administered orally before and after surgery,it hastened of bowel function. Alvimopan competitively binds to mu-opioid receptor in the gastrointestinal tract but, unlike methylnaltrexone which relies upon it ionic charge, alvimopan owes its selectivity for peripheral receptors to its pharmacokinetics. Alvimopan binds to peripheral mu-receptors with a Ki of 0.2 ng/mL.  USE:- treatment of postoperative ileus and constipation following abdominal surgery. SIDE EFFECTS:- Potential risk myocardial infarction in patients used in long trem, & some other back pain, Hypokalaemia etc....

 ALUM (mineral astringent) BRAND NAME:-ALUM or etc. ALUM is a heavy metal ions are antiseptic ,acid taste and astringent. They are colour less ,odourless, and exit a white crystal powder . [ astringent substance that precipitated proteins, but do not penetrate cells,thus affecting the superficial layer only. They toughen the surface making it mechanically stronger and decrease exudation ] ALUM occur naturally in various minerals . Pottasium Alums,for exp:-is founded in the minerals ,Kalinite,alunite,and leucite,which can be treated with sulphuric acid to obtain crystal of Alum. They diffuse through the sweat ducks, reduce secertion from glands and partially block the ducts as well. Their antibacterial action prevents decomposition of sweat by bacteria, reducing odour. PROPERTIES:- might antibacterial, antiplatelet property,anti-obesity activity,anti-haemorrhagic agent,mild  anti-inflammatory potential,antidandruff property,mild  anti-asthamatic 3 USED:- as a after shave a...

 ALTEPLASE (rt-PA) BRAND NAME:-ACTILYSE 50mg vial with 50ml solvent water. ALTEPLASE (rt-PA) ( recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) produced by  recombinant DNA technology from human tissue culture,it is moderately specific for fibrin- bound plasminogen,so that circulating fibriogen is lowered only by ~50% . It is rapidly cleared by liver and inactivated by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PSA-1). The plasma t½ is 4-8min . Because of the short t½, it needs to be given by slow i .v . Infusion and often requires heparin co-administration . It is nonantigenic,but nausea,mild hypotension and fever may occur. It is expensive. MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Alteplase is a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) that converts plasminogen to plasmin in a fibrin-dependent process. In the absence of fibrin, alteplase converts a limited amount of plasminogen. However, in the presence of fibrin clots, alteplase binds to fibrin and cleaves the arginine-valine bond at positions 560 a...

 ALPROSTADIL BRAND NAME:- muse,prostin,Edex & etc. ALPROSTADIL  is used to treat erectile dysfunction (impotence) and to help diagnose certain causes of this disorder. Alprostadil is also used to improve blood flow in newborn babies with heart problems.  This medication guide addresses only the adult male use of alprostadil in erectile disorders. MECHANISM & PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION:- Alprostadil (PGE1) injected  directly into the corpus cavernous using a fine needle produces erection lasting 1-2 hours to permit intercourse. Alprostadil injections are less painful than papaverine,but local tenderness may occur. Penile fibrosis and priapism are rare. It is now the most commonly used drug in patients not responding to PDE-5 inhibitors,such as neurogenic and psychogenic ED. Alprostadil relaxes blood vessels and muscles in the penis which increases blood flow, causing an erection. Alprostadil may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. USES ...

 ALOGLIPTIN BRAND NAME:-VIPIDIA & many brands available in INDIA ALOGLIPTIN is  an oral  anti-diabetic drug  in the  DPP-4 ( dipeptidyl peptidase-4 )  inhibitor  (gliptin) class. Alogliptin does not decrease the risk of heart attack and stroke. Like other members of the gliptin class, it causes little or no weight gain, exhibits relatively little risk of hypoglycemia, and has relatively modest glucose-lowering activity. Alogliptin and other gliptins are commonly used in combination with metformin in people whose diabetes cannot adequately be controlled with metformin alone. MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Alogliptin inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), which normally degrades the incretins glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon like peptide 1 ( GLP-1). The inhibition of DPP-4 increases the amount of active plasma incretins which helps with glycemic control. GIP and GLP-1 stimulate glucose dependent secretion of insulin in pancrea...

 ALEO VERA GEL  BRAND NAME:- ALOVIT :Aloe extract 10% + vit E 0.5% cream, Patanjali Aloe vera gel,many brands available in India 🇮🇳. ALEO VERA GEL is a mucilaginous preparation from the fleshy leaves of ALEO VERA plant with shooting and moisturising property, widely included in cosmetic and skin care . Aloe vera ras are used as a healthy & immune booster drink. Therapeutic claims in acne, psoriasis and many other conditions have been made. USED:- in skin care products & cosmetic  Therapeutic claims in acne, psoriasis and many other conditions have been made. Use as a healthy food Drink. DOSE:- Mostly applied topically to the skin or mucous membrane. Side effects:- generally no any side effects.

 ALLYLESTRENOL BRAND NAME:- GESTANIN,FETUGARD,MAINTANE 5mg tab. ,PROFAR 25mg tab. ALLYLESTRENOL  is a progestin (female hormone). It helps in maintaining pregnancy by promoting the attachment of the embryo to lining of the womb and improving blood flow to the placenta. It also relaxes the uterus muscles thereby preventing premature labour. INDICATIONS:- Allylestrenol was designed to be used for miscarriage prevention, prevention of premature labour and has been investigated for possible use in men for treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Allylestrenol is a progestogen structurally related to progesterone that has been given in threatened and recurrent miscarriage, and to prevent premature labour. However, with the exception of proven progesterone deficiency, such use is no longer recommended. In threatened miscarriage in progesterone-deficient women a suggested dose is 5 mg three times daily by mouth for 5 to 7 days. MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Allyles...

 ALISKIREN BRAND NAME:- RASILEZ 150mg tab; RASILEZ-HC : along with hydrochlorothiazide ALISKIREN is a direct renin inhibitors (DRIs) are the latest class of RSA inhibitory drugs, of which only one member Aliskiren has become available for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases in which ACE inhibitors and ARBs are currently used.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Aliskiren is a nonpeptide which binds selectively to the catalytic site of renin and competitively blocks the access of angiotensinogen to this site –> Ang I is not produced and the chain of RSA is interrupted. While the concentration of renin in plasma is increased by feed back, the plasma renin activity (PRA) is  decreased. Ang I and II levels fall. Aliskiren causes fall in BP which is more marked in the Na+ depleted subjects with High basal PRA . Similar to ACE inhibitors, plasma Aldosterone levels are lowered accompanied by mild natriuresis and a tendency to K+ retention. The antihypertensive  efficac...

 ALFACALCIDOL BRAND NAME:- ONE ALPHA, ALPHA D3, ALHPADOL 0.25 and 1ug caps ALFACAL 0.25,0.5 ug caps. ALFACALCIDOL is an analogue of vitamin D Used for supplementation in human and as a poultry feed additive .It is 1 alpha-OHD3— a prodrug that is rapidly hydroxylated in the liver to 1,25 (OH)2 D3 or calcitriol.  Therefore,it does not require hydroxylation at position 1 which is the limiting step in the generation of active from of vit.D, and which takes place in the kidney.  ALFACALCIDOL has a weaker impact on calcium metabolism and parathyroid hormone levels than calcitriol . BIOAVAILABILITY ACTION:- ALFACALCIDOL is orally active and clinically equally effective on long term basis to calcitriol. It's metabolic activation in liver does not pose a problem even in severe liver disease. Repeated serum calcium measurements are essential for regulation of maintenance dose. Hypercalcaemia should be watched for and therapy promptly interrupted for few days when it develops. USED:...

 ALENDRONATE OSTEOPHOS,DENFOS 5,10,35,70mg tab. RESTOFOS DRONAL 10,70mg tab.  ALENDRONATE is a bisphosphonate drug that prevents osteoclastic bone resorption which is used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. ABSORPTION & MECHANISM OF ACTION:- This potent orally effective second generation amino-BPN is used primarily for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis both in women and men,as well as for Paget 's disease. It is to be taken on empty stomach in the morning with a full glass of water and patients is instructed not to lie down or take food for at least 30min .  Oral bioavailability of alendronate is ~ 1% UP to 50% of the drug entering the body is sequestrated in bone while the rest is excerted unchanged mainly by the kidney. The terminal elimination t½ of alendronate has been measured as 10.5years. ADVERSE EFFECTS:- These measure are needed to prevent contact of the drug with esophageal mucosa which results in esophagitis . Calcium,iron , antacids ,...

 ALDOSTERONE  BRAND NAME:- Aldosterone 100ug tab . Or many other brands available in India. ALDOSTERONE is the main  mineralocorticoid steroid hormones produced by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal  cortex in the adrenal gland. It is essential for sodium conservation in the kidney , salary glands,sweat glands and colon . MECHANISM & PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS:- ALDOSTERONE is a part of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system. It has plasma half life of less than 20 min . Drugs that interfere with the secretion or action of aldosterone are in use as antihypertensives, like lisinopril, which lowers blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), leading to lower aldosterone secretion. The net effect of these drugs is to reduce sodium and water retention but increase retention of potassium. In other words, these drugs stimulate the excretion of sodium and water in urine, while they block the excretion of potassium. USED:- in replacement therapy,acut...

 ADRIAMYCIN (DOXORUBICIN) BRAND NAME:- DAUNOCIN,DAUNOMYCIN 20mg/vial inj. , ADRIAMYCIN, DOXORUBICIN,ONCODRIA 10 mg ,50mg per vial inj. ADRIAMYCIN are also known as doxorubicin , doxorubicin are  anthracycline antibiotics having antitumour activity, isolated from cultures of Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius. Doxorubicin binds to nucleic acids, presumably by specific intercalation of the planar anthracycline nucleus with the DNA double helix. ACTIONS:- These are anthracycline antibiotics having antitumour activity. However, utility of daunorubicin is limited to acute myeloid as well as Lymphoblastic leukaemia (in which it is highly active), while doxorubicin,in addition,is effective in many solid tumors,such as breast, thyroid,ovary, bladder and lung cancer,scrcomas and neuroblastoma.  They intercalate between DNA strands and block DNA as well as RNA synthesis. They are also capable of causing breaks in DNA strands by activating topoisomerase -2 and generation quinone ty...

 ADRENOCHROME MONOSEMICARBAZONE BRAND NAME:- STYPTOCHROME 3mg /2 ml inj ., STYPTOCID: 2mg/ 2ml inj . ADRENOCHROME MONOSEMICARBAZONE is a hemostatic agent that promote the clotting and prevent the blood losses.Adrenochrome Monosemicarbazone is an oxidative product of adrenaline (chemical messenger) that constricts the blood vessels to reduce the blood flow. This process stops bleeding and also promotes clot formation.  ACTION:-   It is believed to reduce capillary fragility, control oozing from raw surface and prevent microvessel bleeding. e.g epistaxis,haematuria, secondary haemorrhage from wound,etc. It's efficacy is uncertain. USED:- Treatment of bleeding. SIDE EFFECTS:-Injection site reactions (pain, swelling, redness).

 ADEFOVIR DIPIVOXIL BRAND NAME:- ADESERA ,ADEFOVIR 10mg tab. ADEFOVIR DIPIVOXIL is an anti-hepatitis virus / nonselective antiviral drug and adefovir is a monophosphate analogue of AMP which is active against HBV and some other DNA as well as RNA virus. ABSORPTION & MECHANISM & PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS:-  ADEFOVIR is a monophosphate analogue of AMP which is active against HBV and some other DNA 🧬 as well as RNA viruses,but is used only for hepatitis caused by HBV. Esterases in the intestine and liver release the active drug during absorption to attain oral bioavailability of - 60% in terms of adefovir, which is then distributed in whole body water . On entering cells, adefovir is phosphorylated to the diphosphate which has high affinity for HBV DNA polymerase compared to host cell DNA polymerase.   Ths is enzyme is inhibited and adefovir itself gets incorporated in the viral DNA resulting in termination of the DNA chain . adefovir is primarily excerted by the kidn...

 ADAPALENE BRAND NAME:- ADAFERIN ,ADAPEN,ADAPLE,ACLENE 0.1% gel;  ADAPALENE is a newer synthesis tretinoin like drug and it is a third generation  topical retinoid , primarily used in treatment of mild and moderate acne.  ACTIONS:- it is a newer synthesis tretinoin like drug which binds directly to the nuclear retinoic acid receptor and modulates keratinization and differentiation of follicular epithelial cells. It also exerts anti-inflammatory action ; comedone formation is suppressed. In acne vulgaris it is as effective but less irritating than tretinoin. It remains stable in the presence of benzoyl peroxide; can be combined with it. DOSE:- Apply once daily at bed time. USED:- in treatment of acne, pimple .It works by affecting the growth of cells and decreasing swelling and inflammation. SIDE EFFECTS:- skin redness, rashes, dryness, itching mild burning etc.

 ADALIMUMAB  BRAND NAME:- Humira and other brands available. ADALIMUMAB is type of  drug know as a biological therapy ,is a monoclonal antibody used to treatment of rheumatiod arthritis and other some conditions psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, uveitis, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. It is administered by injection under the skin. ACTION:- It is fully human recombinant ANTI- TNFalpha antibody indicated in the same range of autoimmune disease as infliximab, and like the latter,does not bind TNFbeta ,but is less antigenic. It can be added to Mtx or other conventional drugs for additional benefit. SIDE EFFECTS:-  upper respiratory tract infections, pain at the site of injection, rash, and headache.Other side effects may include serious infections, cancer, anaphylaxis, reactivation of hepatitis B, multiple sclerosis, heart failure, liver failure, and aplastic anemia. Use duri...

 ACITRETIN BRAND NAME:-ACITRIN,ACETEC,ACERET 10,25mg.  ACITRETIN is a synthetic retinoid for oral use in psoriasis,lichen planus,severe ichthyosis, it is used an immunological disorder and miscellaneous class of drug. ACTIONS:- It acts by binding to 'retinoic acid receptor' in epidermal cells and regulating their proliferation and maturation. Inflammation is suppressed.  USED:-This medication is a retinoid used in the treatment of severe psoriasis and other skin disorders in adults. SIDE EFFECTS:- redness of skin,  itching ,  skin  scaling, peeling and  dry skin  during the first few weeks as your body adjusts to the  medication .  Dry eyes ,  eye  irritation, crusting of the  eye  lids,  dry mouth ,  skin  peeling on the fingertips/palms/soles of feet, chapped lips,  runny nose , thirst, taste changes and  hair loss  may also occur . LIVER DAMAGE ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT ADVERSE EFFECTS. D...

 ACETOMENAPHTHONE (VITAMIN K3) FAT SOLUBLE BRAND NAME:-ACETOMENADIONE 5,10mg tab; KAPILIN 10mg tab. ACETOMENAPHTHONE is a fat soluble dietary principal for the synthesis of clotting factors, which promote coagulation and are indicated in haemorrhagic states. CHEMISTRY AND SOURCE:- Vit K has a basic naphthoquinone structure, with or without a side chain (R) at position 3. The side chain in K1 is phytyl ,in K2 prenyl , while in K3 there is no side chain. ACTION:- VITAMIN K3 acts as a cofactor at a late stage in the synthesis by liver of coagulation protein — prothrombin, factors VII,IX and X. The vit K dependent change (y carboxylation of glutamate residues of these zymogen proteins; confers on them the capacity to bind Ca2+ and to get bound to phospholipids surface — properties essential for participation in the coagulation cascade. UTILISATION:- Fat- soluble froms of vit K are absorbed from the intestine via lymph and require bile salts for absorption, while water soluble froms are...

 ACETAMINOPHEN (PARACETAMOL) BRAND NAME:-CROCIN 500,1000mg tabs; METACIN,PARACIN 500mg tab, 125mg/5ml syrup,150mg/ml paed. Drops,ULTRAGIN, PYRIGESIC ,CALPOL 500mg tab,125mg tab,125mg/5ml syrup, Paracetamol rectal suppository 80,170mg. And other many brands available in India. PARACETAMOL (acetaminophen) is a para-amino  phenol derivatives, analgesic, good antipyretic and weak anti-inflammatory action.  MECHANISM OF ACTIONS:-  The central analgesic action of Paracetamol is like aspirin,i.e. it raises pain threshold,but has weak peripheral anti-inflammatory components. Analgesic action of aspirin and Paracetamol is additive. Paracetamol is a good and promptly acting antipyretic. It is a poor inhibitor of PG synthesis in peripheral tissues,but more active on COX in the brain. One explanation offered for the discrepancy between it's analgesic -antipyretic and anti-inflammatory action is its inability to inhibit COX in the presence of peroxide which are generated at sites...

 ACECLOFENAC BRAND NAME:- ACECLO,DOLOKIND 100mg tab ,200mg SR tab. Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). ACECLOFENAC is  a moderately COX-2 selective congener of diclofenac having similar properties. It is an analgesic antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drug, enhancement of glycosaminoglycan synthesis may confer chondroprotective property to ACECLOFENAC.  It works by blocking the release of certain chemical messengers that cause pain and inflammation (redness and swelling).  MECHANISM & PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION:-  IT inhibits PG synthesis and is some what COX-2 selective . The antiplatelet action is not appreciable due to sparing of COX-1 . It also does not block the cardioprotective effect of low dose aspirin. Neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide production at the inflammatory site are reduced. It well absorbed orally,99% protein bound , metabolized and excreted both in urine and bile. The plasma t½ is ~ 2 hours . However it had good ...

 ACEBUTOLOL BRAND NAME:- SECTRAL 200,400mg tab, 10mg/2ml amp. ACEBUTOLOL is an other beta blocker, Cardioselectivity agent with significant partial and membrane stabilizing properties . Effect on resting heart rate is less. CARDIOSELECTIVITY:- These drug are more potent in blocking cardiac Beta1 than bronchial Beta2 receptors. Selectivity is only relative and is lost at high doses.  Their features are:- 1. Lower propensity to cause bronchoconstriction,but even these drug should usually be avoided in asthmatic and COPD patients. 2. Less Interference with carbohydrates metabolism and less inhibition of glycogenolysis during hypoglycemia --safer in diabetics. 3. Lower incidence of cold hand and feet ,less chances of precipitation Raynaud's phenomenon. 4.No/less deleterious effects on blood lipid profile. 5. Ineffective in suppression essential tremor. 6. Less liable to impair exercise capacity. PARTIAL AGONISTIC (INTRINSIC SYMPATHOMIMETICS) ACTION:- The drug themselves activate B...

ACARBOSE BRAND NAME:- GLUCOBAY 50,100mg tabs ,ASUCROSE, GLUCAR  50mg tabs. ACARBOSE is a miscellaneous antidiabetic ,class of alpha -Glucosidase inhibitors drug.  ACARBOSE is a mild antihyperglycaemic and not a hypoglycaemic . PHARMACOLOGICAL & MECHANISM OF ACTION:- It is a complex oligosaccharide which reversibly inhibits alpha- glucosidases, the final enzyme for the digestion of carbohydrates in the brush border of small intestine mucosa . It slows down and decrease digestion and absorption of polysaccharides (strach,etc.) and sucrose. In addition,GLP-1 release is promoted which may contribute to the effect. Postprandial glycaemia is reduced without significant increase in insulin levels. Regular use lowers HbA1c modestly (by 0.4-0.8%) ,but change in body weight and lipid level is minimal. The stop- NIDDM trail (2002) has shown that long- trem ACARBOSE treatment in prediabetics reduced occurance of type 2DM as well as hypertension and cardiac disease. In diabetics,it red...

 ACAMPROSATE BRAND NAME:-. CAMPRAL & other brands available. ACAMPROSATE is a medical use along with counseling to treat alcohol use disorders.  Acamprosate is thought to stabilize  chemical signaling in the brain  that would otherwise be disrupted by alcohol withdrawal. When used alone, acamprosate is not an effective therapy for  alcohol use disorder  in most individuals; studies have found that acamprosate works best when used in combination with psychosocial support since the drug facilitates a reduction in alcohol consumption as well as full abstinence. PHARMACOLOGICAL & MECHANISM OF ACTION:- It is a weak NMDA -receptor antagonist with modest GABAa receptor agonistic activity that is being used in USA ,UK and Europe for maintenance therapy of alcohol abstinence. In conjunction with social and motivational therapy,it has been found to reduce relapse of the drinking behaviour. The efficacy of ACAMPROSATE in this regard is rated comparable to nalt...

ABCIXIMAB BRAND NAME:- REOPRO 2mg /ml inj . ABCIXIMAB is nonantigenic ,antiplatelet and antithrombotic drugs . These are the drug which interfere with platelet function and are useful in the prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders. PHARMACOLOGICAL & MECHANISM OF ACTION:- It is the Fab fragment of a chimeric monoclonal antibody against GPIIb/IIIa, protein,but is relatively nonspecific and binds to some other surface proteins as well. Given along with Aspirin+ heparin during PCI it has markedly reduced the incidence of restenosis, subsequent MI and death. In the ISAR-REACT2 trial addition of ABCIXIMAB to clopidogrel(600mg oral loading dose) for PCI in high risk ACS patients, reduced ischaemic events by 25%. After a bolus dose, platelet aggregation remain inhibited for 12-24hr, while the remaining antibody is cleared from blood with a t½ of 10-30min. PRECAUTIONS:- ABCIXIMAB is nonantigenic. The main risk haemorrhage, incidence of which can be reduced by carefully managing the concomit...

 AZITHROMYCIN BRAND NAME:-AZITHRAL 250,500mg tab and 250mg per 5ml dry syr; AZIWOK 250mg tab,100mgkid tab,100mg/5ml and 200mg /5ml susp. AZIWIN, inj  AZITHROMYCIN  is an antibiotic that fights against bacteria.Azithromycin is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic with a long half-life and a high degree of tissue penetration, Azithromycin is used to treat many several types of infections caused by bacteria, such as respiratory infections, skin infections, ear infections, eye infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Azithromycin prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thus inhibiting translation of mRNA. Nucleic acid synthesis is not affected. USED:- to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. It is a macrolide-type antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.This medication will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Unn...

 AZATHIOPRINE 

 ATROPINE BRAND NAME:-ATROP inj.Tropine injection. Atropine is a tropane alkaloid , anticholinergic and antimuscarinic drug.Medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery. That works through competitive inhibition of postganglionic acetylcholine receptors and direct vagolytic action, which leads to parasympathetic inhibition of the acetylcholine receptors in smooth muscle. educe salivation and bronchial secretions before surgery or as an antidote for overdose of cholinergic drugs or mushroom poisoning. Atropine may be used alone or with other medications. Atropine belongs to a class of drugs called Anticholinergic, Antispasmodic Agents. A-V BLOCK:- The definitive treatment of chronic heart block is pacing with an  Implanted cardiac pacemaker. Drugs are of value only for acute/transient A-V block and as an interim measure . When A-V block is due to vagal ov...

 ATRACURIUM BRAND NAME:- TRACRIUM 10mg /ml inj in 2ml vial. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- ATRACURIUM is a skeletal muscle relaxant & neuromuscular blocking agent. It is an intermediate action. That act peripherally at neuromuscular junction/muscle fibres itself or centrally in the cerebrospinal axis to reduce muscle tone and/ or cause paralysis. The neuromuscular blocking agents are used primarily in conjunction with general anaesthetics to provide muscle relaxation for surgery, while centrally acting muscle relaxant are used mainly for painful muscle spasms and spastic neurological conditions. Atracurium  belongs to a group of medicines called muscle relaxants. It is used along with general anesthesia or sedatives to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgical procedures. It is also used to facilitate emergency airway management in patients in intensive care. MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Atracurium antagonizes the neurotransmitter action of acetylcholine by binding competitively with...

 ATORVASTATIN BRAND NAME:-AZTOR,ATORVA,ATORLIP 5.10,20mg tabs. ATORVASTATIN these are drug which lower the levels of lipids and lipoproteins in blood, it is aHMG-CoA REDUCAASE Inhibitors (statins),the hypolipidaemic drugs have attracted considerable attention because of their potential to prevent cardiovascular disease by regarding the accelerated atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic individual. Atorvastatin is a statin medication used to prevent cardiovascular disease in those at high risk and to treat abnormal lipid levels. For the prevention of cardiovascular disease, statins are a first-line treatment. The newer and most popular statin is more potent and appears to have the highest LDL-CH lowering efficacy at maximal daily dose of 80 mg. At this dose a greater reduction in TGs is noted if the same was raised at baseline. ATORVASTATIN has a much longer plasma t½ of 18-24 hr than other stains ,and has additional antioxidant property. MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  ↓CH synthesis by inhi...