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 BENAZEPRIL BRAND NAME:- BENZIL,Apriace,BENACE 5,10,20mg tab. Benazepril is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. It works by reducing stress on the heart and relaxing blood vessel so that blood flows more smoothly and the heart can pump blood more efficiently.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Benazepril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, is a prodrug which, when hydrolyzed by esterases to its active Benazeprilat, is used to treat hypertension and heart failure, to reduce proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and to prevent stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Benazepril and Benazeprilat inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in human subjects and animals . ACE is a peptidyl dipeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor substance, angiotensin II. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  Benazepril...

 BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE Brand name:- Bendrofulazide, Aprinox. BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE is a type of medicine called a diuretic. It's used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and the build-up of fluid in your body (oedema). Diuretics are sometimes called "water tablets" because they make you pee more. This helps get rid of extra fluid in your body. Bendroflumethiazide is only available on prescription. It usually comes as tablets. It can also come as a liquid you swallow, but this has to be specially ordered.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Bendroflumethiazide, a thiazide diuretic, removes excess water from the body by increasing how often you urinate (pass water) and also widens the blood vessels which helps to reduce blood pressure. It inhibits Na+/Cl- reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys. Thiazides also cause loss of potassium and an increase in serum uric acid. Thiazides are often used to treat hypertension, but their hypotensive effects are not necessari...

 BENIDIPINE BRAND NAME:- CARITEC 4,8mg tab, inzit,BENITOWA, Beniopack. BENIDIPINE is a long - acting DHP that owes its long duration of action to slow dissociation from the DHP receptor on the smooth muscle cells. Marketed only in India and Japan,it is indicated in hypertension and angina pectoris. PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Benidipine reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as to present decreases in heart rate pulse after treatment. It is reported also a decrease urinary protein excretion and serum triglycerides. Different studies have shown benidipine anti-oxidative activity, stimulation of NO production, suppression of adhesion molecules expression, stimulation of osteoblast differentiation, suppression of the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and mesangial cells, as well as myocardial protection. The enhancement of NO production is associated with the cardioprotective and anti artheriosclerotic effects of benidipine. MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Benidipine is a...

 BENOXINATE BRAND NAME:- BENDZON 0.4% eyedrops. BENOXINATE is also known as Oxybuprocaine. It is a good surface anaesthetic for the eye ; has little irritancy. A 0.4% solution rapidly produced corneal anaesthesia sufficient for tonometry without causing mydriasis or corneal damage. PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  BENOXINATE is a local anaesthetic. It may be less irritating than tetracaine, and the onset and duration of action are similar to tetracaine.  PHARMACOKINETICS:- Anaesthesia starts with a latency of 30 to 50 seconds and lasts for about 10 to 30 minutes, depending on perfusion. The drug is metabolised by esterases in blood plasma and liver. MECHANISM OF ACtion:- BENOXINATE binds to sodium channel and reversibly stabilizes the neuronal membrane which decreases its permeability to sodium ions. Depolarization of the neuronal membrane is inhibited thereby blocking the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses.  USED:-  A local anesthetic, which is used especially in op...

 BENSERAZIDE 

BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE ( ZEPHIRAN)  BRAND NAME:- ZEPHIRAN It is highly soluble in water and alcohol. A 1:1000 solution is used for sterile storage of instruments and 1 in 5000 to 1 in 10,000 for douch, irrigation,etc. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- NOT AVAILABLE. MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a wide spectrum quaternary ammonium antibacterial agent that has been used in various dental composites. It is cationically charged and induces antibacterial action through attraction to the negatively charged bacterial membrane. USED:-  Treating minor cuts, scrapes, and burns. Zephiran Solution is a topical antiseptic. It works by preventing infection. Miconazole topical is an antifungal medication SIDE EFFECTS:- Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing; tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing, swallowing, or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lip...

 BENZHEXOL (Trihexyphenidyl) BRAND NAME :- PACITANE,PARBENZ 2mg tab .  BENZHEXOL is an antispasmodic drug used to treat stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control. It is an agent of the antimuscarinic class and is often used in management of Parkinson's disease.   PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  BENZHEXOL (Trihexyphenidyl) is an antimuscarinic indicated as an adjunct in the treatment of parkinsonism or as a treatment for drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.It has a long duration of action as it does not need to be given every day.It has a wide therapeutic window, with acute toxicity being non fatal in doses as high as 300 mg. Patients should have their iridocorneal angle examined before and intraocular pressure monitored during therapy.Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of anhidrosis and hyperthermia.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  BENZHEXOL is a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist but binds with higher affinity to the M1 sub...

 BENZOCAINE  BRAND NAME:- ORAjel  BENZOCAINE is  a local anesthetic, belonging to the amino ester drug class, commonly used as a topical painkiller or in cough drops. It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter anesthetic ointments such as products for oral ulcers. It is combined with antipyrine to form A/B ear drops . PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Pain is caused by the stimulation of free nerve endings. When the nerve endings are stimulated, sodium enters the neuron, causing depolarization of the nerve and subsequent initiation of an action potential. The action potential is propagated down the nerve toward the central nervous system, which interprets this as pain. Benzocaine acts to inhibit the voltage-gated sodium channels (VDSCs) on the neuron membrane, stopping the propagation of the action potential .  MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  Benzocaine diffuses into nerve cells where it binds to sodium channels, preventing the channels from opening, and blocking th...

 BENZODIAZEPINES ( BZDs) BRAND NAME:-  No specific brand available BENZODIAZEPINES (BZDs) in addition to prea aesthetic medication,BNZs are now frequently used for including, maintaining and supplementing anaesthesia as well as for ' conscious sedation ' .  PHARMACODYNAMIC:-   UNKNOWN. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION:-  The weak antiemetic property of BZDs is primarily based on the sedative action.  Benzodiazepines work by increasing the effectiveness of the endogenous chemical, GABA, to decrease the excitability of neurons.This reduces the communication between neurons and, therefore, has a calming effect on many of the functions of the brain. GABA controls the excitability of neurons by binding to the GABA  receptor. The GABAa receptor is a protein complex located in the synapses between neurons. All GABAa receptors contain an ion channel that conducts chloride ions across neuronal cell membranes and two binding sites for the neurotransmitter gamma-amino...

 BENZOIC ACID BRAND NAME:- RINGCUTTER ointment. BENZOIC ACID is a antifungal and antibacterial property in slightly acidic medium. Fungistatic action is weaker than tolnaftate; eradication of the fungus needs prolonged application till infected keratin is totally shed.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Not available  MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  Mechanism of action of benzoic acid is incomplete. Inhibition of phosphofructokinase and several other glycolytic enzymes was not responsible for the inhibition of fermentation. Instead, the results suggest that the primary action of benzoic acid in Z. bailii is to cause a general energy loss, i.e., ATP depletion.  USED:-  Used for the treatment of Ringworm, Itching, Scabies. SIDE EFFECTS:- side effects of Ring cutter Ointment have been reported in the medical literature. However, you should always consult your doctor before using Ring cutter Ointment.  DOSE:- DIRECTION BY PHYSICIAN. Directions for use: 1. Clean the affected ...

 BENZOYL PEROXIDE BRAND NAME:- PERSOL ,PERNOX ,BENZAC-AC 2.5% and 5% gel ; in persol forte 10% cream with sulfur ppt. 5%. Benzoyl peroxide is an affordable medication that works well to clear up acne. It's available over-the-counter and comes in many different forms, but it's not a good option for people with sensitive skin.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Benzoyl peroxide is a topical treatment for acne that generates free radicals to break down comedones and increase the rate of epithelial cell turnover.It has a short duration of action as its active free radical metabolites quickly react to form inactive metabolites.1 The therapeutic index is wide, as overdoses are rare, however patients may still experience skin peeling. Patients should be counselled regarding increased risks of skin irritation, dryness, and sunburn.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Acne vulgaris is caused by inflammation in the pilosebaceous gland.Acne is generally caused by increased excretion of sebum from piloseba...

 BENZTHIAZIDE BRAND NAME:-  Aquatag, Dihydrex, Diucen, Edemax, Exna, Foven. BENZTHIAZIDE is a diuretic medicine, used alone or in combination with other medicines to treat high blood pressure and edema (swelling). It should be used with caution in patients with severe kidney disease. Frequent monitoring of blood pressure and electrolytes level is necessary while taking this medicine.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  BENZTHIAZIDE promotes water loss from the body (diuretics). They inhibit Na+/Cl- reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys. Thiazides also cause loss of potassium and an increase in serum uric acid. Thiazides are often used to treat hypertension, but their hypotensive effects are not necessarily due to their diuretic activity. Thiazides have been shown to prevent hypertension-related morbidity and mortality although the mechanism is not fully understood. Thiazides cause vasodilation by activating calcium-activated potassium channels (large conduct...

 BETAHISTINE BRAND NAME:- VERTIN 8mg  tab . BETAHISTINE is an orally active,somewhat H1 selective Histamine analogue, which is used to control vertigo in patients of Meniere's disease: possibly acts by causing vasodilation in the internal ear. It is contraindicated in asthmatics and ulcer patients. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Betahistine is a strong antagonist of the histamine H3 receptor and a weak agonist of the histamine H1 receptor.[1] Betahistine has two mechanisms of action. Primarily, it is a weak agonist on the H1 receptors located on blood vessels in the inner ear. This gives rise to local vasodilation and increased permeability, which helps to reverse the underlying problem of endolymphatic hydrops. More importantly, betahistine has a powerful antagonistic effects at H3 receptors, thereby increasing the levels of neurotransmitters histamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and GABA released from the nerve endings. The increased amounts of histamine released from hist...

 BETHANECHOL BRAND NAME:- Duvoid, Myotonachol (Glenwood), Urecholine (Merck Frosst) and Urocarb (Hamilton).   BETHANECHOL is a parasympathomimetic choline carbamate that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors without any effect on nicotinic receptors. Unlike acetylcholine, bethanechol is not hydrolyzed by cholinesterase and will therefore have a long duration of action. Bethanechol is a muscarinic agonist used to treat postoperative and postpartum nonobstructive functional urinary retention and neurogenic atony of the bladder with retention.    PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Bethanechol is selective for muscarinic receptors and has little to no impact on nicotinic receptors.1 The charged quaternary amine in the structure of bethanechol prevents it from crossing the blood-brain barrier which minimizes central nervous system related adverse effects.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Bethanechol is a direct muscarinic agonist and stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system by ...

 BEVACIZUMAB BRAND NAME:- AVASTIN  Bevacizumab is a monoclonal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody used in combination with antineoplastic agents for the treatment of many types of cancer.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Bevacizumab binds circulating vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) and blocks it from binding to its associated receptors, effectively blunting downstream signaling. The effects of bevacizumab have been shown to re-establish normal vasculature at the tumor site resulting in increased nutrient and oxygen supply, while also improving the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the target area.On the other hand, VEGF signaling is a vital component of several processes including angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, blood pressure regulation, wound healing, coagulation, and renal filtration. Although blocking VEGF may inhibit metastatic disease progression, it may also result in unintended effects due to the role of VEGF in several other physiologic pro...

 BEZAFIBRATE BRAND NAME:- BEZALIP 200,400mg tab. BEZAFIBRATE rate is a lipid lowering medication. It works by lowering the levels of triglycerides and "bad" cholesterol (LDL), while raising the levels of "good" cholesterol (HDL).   PHARMACODYNAMIC:- This is second generation fibric acid derivatives is an alternative to gemfibrozil in mixed hyperlipidemias ( type III,IV and V ) . Though it has also been indicated in hypercholesterolemia ( type II) ,it is inferior to statins and resins . Bezafibrate has not shown propensity to increase LDL- CH in hypertriglyceridaemic patients and appears to have greater LDL- CH lowering action than gemfibrozil. Circulating fibrinogen and glucose levels may decrease. The 5 year ' Bezafibrate coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trail '( BECAIT) in young male post - MI subjects showed an atherosclerosis slowing effects and reduction in coronary events. The Bezafibrate infarction prevention (BIP) registry has also noted reducti...

 BICALUTAMIDE BRAND NAME:- BIPRIOSTA ,CALUTIDE ,TABI 50mg tab. BICALUTAMIDE is more potent and longer acting ( t½ 6 days ) congeners of flutamide is suitable for once daily administration in metastatic carcinoma of prostate as a component of CAB therapy. When used along with a GnRH agonist or castration, 50mg affords marked relief in bone pain and other symptoms due to the metastasis .  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Bicalutamide is an antineoplastic hormonal agent primarily used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Bicalutamide is a pure, nonsteroidal anti-androgen with affinity for androgen receptors (but not for progestogen, estrogen, or glucocorticoid receptors). Consequently, Bicalutamide blocks the action of androgens of adrenal and testicular origin which stimulate the growth of normal and malignant prostatic tissue. Prostate cancer is mostly androgen-dependent and can be treated with surgical or chemical castration. To date, antiandrogen monotherapy has not consistently been shown ...

BICUCLLINE BRAND NAME:- no specific brand available. BICUCLLINE is synthetic convulsant has picrotoxin - like action. It is a competitive GABAa receptor ( intrinsic CI- channel receptors) antagonist, while GABAb receptor ( G- protein couple receptor) is insensitive to it. It is only a research tool . PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Not available . MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Not available. USED:- Used for screening for AEDs as classical anticonvulsant drugs, and especially GABAA receptor-acting drugs, are effective in this model.  SIDE EFFECTS:- Unknown. DOSE:- DIRECTION BY PHYSICIAN.  

 BIOTIN BRAND NAME:- BIOTEN, BIOTIN  Biotin (or vitamin B7) is one of the B vitamins.It is involved in a wide range of metabolic processes, both in humans and in other organisms, primarily related to the utilization of fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:- BIOTIN  is a sulfur containing organic acid found in egg yolk, liver,nuts and many other articles of food. Some of the biotin synthesis by  intestinal bacteria is also absorbed.   It is well absorbed from intestine and excreted mainly unchanged in urine. Not much is stored in the body. Avidin, a heat labile protein in egg white, binds and prevent the absorption of biotin. Some other biotin antagonist are also known. Biotin is a coenzyme for several carboxylases involved in carbohydrates and fat metabolism. Deficiency symptoms include seborrheic dermatitis, alopecia, anorexia, glossitis and muscular pain . Spontaneous deficiency of biotin has been noted only in subject consuming onl...

 BISHYDROXYCOUMARIN ( DICUMAROL) BRAND NAME:- DICOUMAROL 50mg tab. BISHYDROXYCOUMARIN ( DICUMAROL ) is a naturally occurring anticoagulant drug that depletes stores of vitamin K (similar to warfarin, a drug that dicoumarol inspired) , and is slowly and unpredictably absorbed orally. Its metabolism is dose dependent — t½ is prolonged at higher doses. Has poor g.i. tolerance; not preferred now. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Dicumarol is an coumarin-like compound found in sweet clover. It is used as an oral anticoagulant and acts by inhibiting the hepatic synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (prothrombin and factors VII, IX, and X).   MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Like all 4-hydroxycoumarin drugs it is a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme that recycles vitamin K, thus causing depletion of active vitamin K in blood. This prevents the formation of the active form of prothrombin and several other coagulant enzymes. These compounds are not antagonists of Vita...