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 CLOMIPRAMINE BRAND NAME:- CLOFRANIL, 10,25,50mg tab, 75mg SR tab. Clonil, anafranil 10,25mg tab.  CLOMIPRAMINE is a tricyclic antidepressant. It is used in adults to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It also treats muscular weakness (cataplexy) associated with repeat attacks of sleepiness (narcolepsy) and can manage depression that is unresponsive to other medicines. PHARMACODYANIMCS:- Clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, is the 3-chloro derivative of Imipramine. It was thought that tricyclic antidepressants work exclusively by inhibiting the re-uptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin by nerve cells. However, this response occurs immediately, yet mood does not lift for around two weeks. It is now thought that changes occur in receptor sensitivity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, a part of the brain involved in emotions. Presynaptic receptors are affected: α1 and β1 receptors are sensitized...

 CLOTRIMAZOLE BRAND NAME:- SURFAZ, CLODERM, 1℅ lotion, cream, powder; 100mg vaginal tab. CANDID 1℅  Cream, mouth paint, powder.  CLOTRIMAZOLE is an antifungal medication. It kills and stops the growth of the fungi by destroying its cell membrane, thereby treating your skin infection. PHARMACODYANIMCS:-  Clotrimazole is an imidazole derivative which works by inhibiting the growth of individual Candida or fungal cells by altering the permeability of the fungal cell wall.It binds to phospholipids in the cell membrane and inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol and other sterols required for cell membrane production. Clotrimazole may slow fungal growth or result in fungal cell death. MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Clotrimazole exerts its action primarily by damaging the permeability barrier in the fungal cytoplasmic membrane. Clotrimazole thereby inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol in a concentration-dependent manner by inhibiting the demethylation of 14 alpha lanosterol.When...

 CLOXACILLIN / DICLOXACILLIN  Brand name:- KLOX, BIOCLOX, 0.25, 0.5g cap; 0.25,0.5g /va il inj. , Clopen 0.25, 0.5g cap.  CLOXACILLIN/ DICLOXACILLIN has an isoxazolyl side chain and is highly penicillin ase as well as acid resistant. Activity against PnG sensitive organism is weaker, and it should not be used as a substitute for PnG. It is more active than Methicillin against penicillinase producuing staph, but not against MRSA.  PHARMACODYANIMCS:- Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic in the same class as penicillin. Cloxacillin is for use against staphylococci that produce beta-lactamase.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, cloxacillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that cloxacillin interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.  USE:-...

 CODEINE BRAND NAME:- CODINE 15mg tab, 15mg/5ml linctus.  CODEINE is an opiate and prodrug of morphine mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea. It is also commonly used as a recreational drug. It is found naturally in the sap of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. It is typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain.  Pharmacodyanimcs:-  General effects Codeine is a weak narcotic pain reliever and cough suppressant that is similar to morphine and hydrocodone. A small amount of ingested codeine is converted to morphine in the body. Codeine increases tolerance to pain, reducing existing discomfort. In addition to decreasing pain, codeine also causes sedation, drowsiness, and respiratory depression .  Antitussive activity This drug has shown antitussive activity in clinical trials 6 and has been effective in cough secondary to tuberculosis and insomnia due to coughing . Codeine suppresses the cough reflex through a direct effect on the cough ce...

 COLCHICINE BRAND NAME:- ZYCOLCHIN, GO UNTIL 0.5mg tab.  COLCHICINE is an alkaloid used to prevent or treat gout attacks (flares), and is also used to prevent attacks of pain in the abdomen, chest, or joints caused by a certain inherited disease (familial Mediterranean fever). PHARMACODYANIMCS :- Colchicine reduces the pain resulting from gout and reduces flares of Familial Mediterranean fever by interfering with inflammatory pathways.This drug has a narrow therapeutic index.  PHARMACOKINETICS:-  Colchicine is rapidly absorbed orally, partly metabolized in liver and excreted in bile - undergoes enterohepatic circulation; ultimate disposal occurs in urine and faeses over many days. Binding of colchicine to intracellular tubulin contributes to its large volume of distribution and slow elimination. Inhibitors of CYP3A4 retard colchicine metabolism and enhance its toxicity.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  The exact mechanism of action of colchicine has not been fully e...

 CO TRIMOXAZOLE Brand name:- SEPTRAN, SEEMAX, BACTRIM, CIPLIN, ORIPRIM, SUPRISTOL, FORTRIM  CO TRIMOXAZOLEDS 800mg/160mg Tablet is a combination medicine that is used to treat various types of bacterial infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, infections of the urinary tract, ear, and abdomen. It prevents the growth of microorganisms to cure the infection. PHARMACODYANIMCS:- Co-trimoxazole is a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole and is in a class of medications called sulfonamides. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics will not kill viruses that can cause colds, flu, or other viral infections.  Mechanism of action:-  •Sulfamethoxazole -> inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid •Trimethoprim -> blocks production of tetrahydrofolic acid -> blocks two consecutive steps in the biosythesis of nucleic acids and proteins essential to bacteria. used:-  Use as treatment of systemic bactrerial infection:-  • Urinar...

CYCLIZINE Brand name:- Not available,  CYCLIZINE is an antihistamine and antiemetic drug used for the prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness, and vertigo. PHARMACODYANAMICS:- Cyclizine is a piperazine-derivative antihistamine used as an antivertigo/antiemetic agent. Cyclizine is used in the prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness. Additionally, it has been used in the management of vertigo in diseases affecting the vestibular apparatus. Although the mechanism by which cyclizine exerts its antiemetic and antivertigo effects has not been fully elucidated, its central anticholinergic properties are partially responsible. The drug depresses labyrinth excitability and vestibular stimulation, and it may affect the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone. It also possesses anticholinergic, antihistaminic, central nervous system depressant, and local anesthetic effects.  MECHANISM OF ...

 CYCLANDELATE  BRAND NAME:- CYCLOSPASMOL, CYCLASYN 200,400mg tab/cap. CYCLANDELATE is a papacrine like general smooth muscle relaxant which increases cutaneous, seketal muscle and cranial blood flow in normal individ.However, efficacy in PVDs is not different from placebo.  PHARMACODYANAMICS:- Cyclandelate is in a class of drugs called vasodilators. Cyclandelate relaxes veins and arteries, which makes them wider and allows blood to pass through them more easily.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  Cyclandelate produces peripheral vasodilation by a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle. Pharmacological action may be due to calcium-channel antagonism. USED:-  Used in the treatment of various blood vessel diseases (e.g., claudication, arteriosclerosis and Raynaud's disease) and nighttime leg cramps. SIDE EFFECTS:-  Flushing , palpitations and headaches.  DOSE:- 200-400mg TDS; OR as directed by your Doctor. 

 Cyclopentolate BRAND NAME:- CYLOMID EYE 0.5% , CYCLOGYL, CYCLOPENT 1%  Cyclopentolate is an anticholinergic , is potent and rapidly acting ; mydriasis and cycloplegia occur in 30 -60min and last about a day. It is preferred for cycloplegic refraction, but children may show tranisent behavioural abnormalities due to absorption of the drug after passage into the nasolacrimal duct. It is also used in iritis and uveitis.  PHARMACODYNAMICS:-  Cyclopentolate is an anti-muscarinic in the same class as atropine and scopolamine. Cyclopentolate blocks the receptors in the muscles of the eye (muscarinic receptors). These receptors are involved controlling the pupil size and the shape of the lens. Cyclopentolate thus induces relaxation of the sphincter of the iris and the ciliary muscles. When applied topically to the eyes, it causes a rapid, intense cycloplegic and mydriatic effect that is maximal in 15 to 60 minutes; recovery usually occurs within 24 hours. The cycloplegic an...

 CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE Brand Name:- Endoxan, Cycloxan 50mg tab; 200,500,1000mg inj.  CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE , also known as cytophosphane among other names, is a medication used as chemotherapy and to suppress the immune system. As chemotherapy it is used to treat lymphoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma, and sarcoma.  Pharmacodyanic:- Cyclophosphamide is an antineoplastic in the class of alkylating agents and is used to treat various forms of cancer. Alkylating agents are so named because of their ability to add alkyl groups to many electronegative groups under conditions present in cells. They stop tumor growth by cross-linking guanine bases in DNA double-helix strands - directly attacking DNA. This makes the strands unable to uncoil and separate. As this is necessary in DNA replication, the cells can no longer divide. In addition, these drugs add methyl or other alkyl groups onto molecules where they do not belong ...

 CYCLOSERINE (Cs)  Brand Name:-  cyclorine, covering, Myser 250mg cap.  CYCLOSERINE (Cs)is a broad-spectrum  antibiotic. It kills bacteria by preventing them from forming their own protective covering (cell wall) which is required for their survival in the human body. Pharmacodynamic :-  Cycloserine, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, may be bactericidal or bacteriostatic, depending on its concentration at the site of infection and the susceptibility of the organism. Cycloserine works by blocking the formation of these peptidoglycans. By doing this the walls of the bacteria become weak and it results in the death of the bacteria.  Mechanism of action:-  Cycloserine is an analog of the amino acid D-alanine. It interferes with an early step in bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of two enzymes, L-alanine racemase, which forms D-alanine from L-alanine, and D-alanylalanine synthetase, which incorporates D-alanine into th...

 CYCLOSPORINE BRAND NAME:-  IMUSPORIN 25,50,100mg soft gelatin capsules. , Sandimmun neoral, Panimun Bioral 25,50,100mg caps ., Sandimmun, Panimun 100mg/ml inj in 1ml ,5ml, 50 ml vial. PHARMACOKINETICS:- Ciclosporin is a cyclic peptide of 11 amino acids; it contains a single D-amino acid, which is rarely encountered in nature. Unlike most peptides, ciclosporin is not synthesized by ribosomes. Ciclosporin is highly metabolized in humans and animals after ingestion. The metabolites, which include cyclosporin B, C, D, E, H, and L,have less than 10% of ciclosporin's immunosuppressant activity and are associated with higher kidney toxicity.Individual ciclosporin metabolites have been isolated and characterized but do not appear to be extensively studied. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Cyclosporine exerts potent immunosuppressive actions on T cells, thereby prolonging survival following organ and bone marrow transplants. This drug prevents and controls serious immune-mediated reactions including...

 CYPROHEPTADINE BRAND NAME:- PRACTIN , CIPLACTIN 4mg tab ., 2mg/5ml syrup. CYPROHEPTADINE is a combined serotonin and histamine antagonist used in the treatment of allergic symptoms, for appetite stimulation, and off-label in the treatment of serotonin syndrome. PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Cyproheptadine has been observed to antagonize several pharmacodynamic effects of serotonin in laboratory animals, including bronchoconstriction and vasodepression, and has demonstrated similar efficacy in antagonizing histamine-mediated effects. The reason for its efficacy in preventing anaphylactic shock has not been elucidated, but appears to be related to its anti-serotonergic effects. PHARMACOKINETICS:- Cyproheptadine is well-absorbed following oral ingestion, with peak plasma levels occurring after 1 to 3 hours.Its terminal half-life when taken orally is approximately 8 hours. MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  Cyproheptadine appears to exert its antihistamine and antiserotonin effects by competing wi...

 CYPROTERONE ACETATE (CPA) BRAND NAME:- GINETE -35 ,DINAC - 35 . CYPROTERONE ACETATE is a steroid used in combination with ethinyl estradiol to treat women with severe acne and symptoms of androgenization. Also used alone at much higher doses for palliative treatment of patients with prostate cancer. PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  CPA has antiandrogenic activity,progestogenic activity, weak partial glucocorticoid activity, weak steroidogenesis inhibitor activity, and agonist activity at the pregnane X receptor. It has no estrogenic or antimineralocorticoid activity. In terms of potency, CPA is described as a highly potent progestogen, a moderately potent antiandrogen, and a weak glucocorticoid.Due to its progestogenic activity, CPA has antigonadotropic effects, and is able to suppress fertility and sex-hormone levels in both males and females. PHARMACOKINETICS:- CPA can be taken by mouth or by injection into muscle. It has near-complete oral bioavailability, is highly and exclusively boun...

 CYTARABINE BRAND NAME:- CYTABIN, CYTOSAR,BIOBIN, REMCYTA 100,500,1000mg inj . CYTARABINE, also known as cytosine arabinoside, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is given by injection into a vein, under the skin, or into the cerebrospinal fluid.  PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Cytarabine is an antineoplastic anti-metabolite used in the treatment of several forms of leukemia including acute myelogenous leukemia and meningeal leukemia. Anti-metabolites masquerade as purine or pyrimidine - which become the building blocks of DNA. They prevent these substances becoming incorporated in to DNA during the "S" phase (of the cell cycle), stopping normal development and division. Cytarabine is metabolized intracellularly into its active triphosphate form (cytosine arabinoside triphosphate). This metabolite then damages DNA by multiple mechanisms, including the inhibition of ...

 BACAMPICILLIN BRAND NAME:- PENGLOBE 200,400mg tab. BACAMPICILLIN is an ampicillin prodrug used to treat various susceptible bacterial infections in the body, such as respiratory infections and skin and subcutaneous tissue infections. PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Bacampicillin is a prodrug of ampicillin and is microbiologically inactive. MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  BACAMPICILLIN acts by binding to specific penicillin  binding protein (PBPs)  located inside the bacterial cell wall , BACAMPICILLIN  is also said to inhibits the third or last stage bacterial cell wall synthesis. During absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, bacampicillin is hydrolyzed by esterases present in the intestinal wall. It is microbiologically active as ampicillin, and exerts a bactericidal action through the inhibition of the biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptides . USED:-  used to treat various susceptible bacterial infections in the body, such as respiratory infections and skin and subcu...

 BACITRACIN BRAND NAME:- NEBASULF ,NEOSPORIN 400U/g powder. BACITRACIN is an antibiotic ointment that's used to help prevent skin infections in small cuts, scrapes, and burns. It's not meant to treat animal bites, serious burns, or deep puncture wounds - those might require medical attention. It's available over the counter (OTC) and as a less expensive, generic medication. PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Bacitracin is a mixture of polypeptides that prevent the formation of the bacterial cell wall and oxidatively cleave DNA. It has a short duration of action as it must be given every 3 to 4 hours topically. Bacitracin is nephrotoxic when given intramuscularly and may lead to renal failure. MECHANISM OF ACTION:- Bacitracin interferes with the dephosphorylation of C55- isoprenyl pyrophosphate, and a related molecule known as bactoprenol pyrophosphate; both of these lipids function as membrane carrier molecules that transport the building-blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall out...

 BACLOFEN BRAND NAME :- Lioresal ,liofen 10mg ,25mg tab . BACLOFEN is a commonly used muscle relaxer for the treatment of muscle spasms. It can be helpful for people with multiple sclerosis or spinal cord problems. Baclofen is available as oral tablets, granules, and liquid solutions. PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Chemically, baclofen is a derivative of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is believed to work by activating (or agonizing) GABA receptors, specifically the GABAB receptors.[23] Its beneficial effects in spasticity result from its actions in the brain and spinal cord. PHARMACOKINETICS:-  The drug is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and is widely distributed throughout the body. Biotransformation is low: the drug is predominantly excreted unchanged by the kidneys.The half-life of baclofen is roughly 2–4 hours; it therefore needs to be administered frequently throughout the day to control spasticity appropriately. PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Baclofen i...

 BAL ( BRITISH ANTILEWISITE ) , DIMERCAPROL  BRAND NAME:- BAL INJ mg/2ml ( in arachis oil) inj. DIMERCAPROL is a chelating agent used as an antidote to arsenic, gold, and mercury poisoning, as well as acute lead poisoning in combination with edetate calcium disodium. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Due to its oily nature, dimercaprol is not absorbed orally and its administration requires a deep intra-muscular injection that is extremely painful and allergenic. It was found to mobilize and relocate lead to the brain, increasing its neurotoxic effects. Despite that fact that dimercaprol increases cadmium excretion, there is an associated increase in kidney cadmium concentration. Because of this, dimercaprol must be avoided in patients with cadmium toxicity.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:- The sulfhydryl groups of dimercaprol form complexes with certain heavy metals thus preventing or reversing the metallic binding of sulfhydryl-containing enzymes. The complex is excreted in the urine.  USED:...

 BALSALAZIDE BRAND NAME:- COLOREX 750mg cap and per 5ml syr. , INTAZIDE 750mg tab. BALSALAZIDE is 5-ASA linked to 4-aminobenzoyl- Beta - alanine as the carrier which, unlike sulfapyridine, is inert . The 5-ASA is released in the colon ,and the carrier is poorly absorbed. It can be used as a safer alternative to sulfasalazine. PHARMACODYNAMIC:-  Balsalazide is a prodrug that has little or no pharmacologic activity until it is enzymatically cleaved in the colon to produce mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid), an anti inflammatory drug indicated for the treatment of mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. Balsalazide disodium is delivered intact to the colon where it is cleaved by bacterial azoreduction to release equimolar quantities of mesalamine, which is the therapeutically active portion of the molecule, and the intert 4-aminobenzoyl-(beta)-alanine. As a result, the spectrum of pharmacologic activity of balsalazide is similar to that of mesalamine. MECHANISM OF ACTION:...

 BAMBUTEROL BRAND NAME:- BAMBUDIL 10mg ,20mg tabs ,5mg/5ml oral soln; BETADAY 10,20mg tabs. BAMBUTEROL is a bronchodilator. It works by relaxing the muscles in the airways and widens airways. This makes breathing easier. PHARMACODYNAMIC:-   Bambuterol is a long acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma. It is a prodrug of terbutaline. Bambuterol causes smooth muscle relaxation, resulting in dilation of bronchial passages. MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  The pharmacologic effects of bambuterol are at least in part attributable to stimulation through beta-adrenergic receptors (beta 2 receptors) of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic AMP. Increased cyclic AMP levels are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. USED:-  used in the treatment of chronic obstructi...

 BASILIXIMAB BRAND NAME:- Simulect   BASILIXIMAB is another anti CD - 25 antibody with higher affinity for the IL-2 receptor, but shorter plasma t½ (1 week) . is a monoclonal antibody used to prevent rejection in kidney transplants. It is a chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibody to the α chain (CD25) of the IL-2 receptor of T cells. It is used in combination with other medicines used to prevent organ rejection. PHARMACODYNAMIC:- Basiliximab functions as an IL-2 receptor antagonist. Specifically it inhibits IL-2-mediated activation of lymphocytes, a critical pathway in the cellular immune response involved in allograft rejection.  MECHANISM OF ACTION:-  Basiliximab competes with IL-2 to bind to the alpha chain subunit of the IL2 receptor on the surface of the activated T lymphocytes and thus prevents the receptor from signaling. This prevents T cells from replicating and also from activating B cells, which are responsible for the production of antibodies, which woul...