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 Carbimazole Brand name:-  Carbazole, Thyrocab , ANTI- thyrox ,Thyrozol . Carbimazole is an anti-thyroid medication. It works by reducing the amount of thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Pharmacodynamic:- Carbimazole is a carbethoxy derivative of methimazole. Its antithyroid action is due to its conversion to methimazole after absorption. It is used to treat hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis.  Mechanism of action:-  Carbimazole is an aitithyroid agent that decreases the uptake and concentration of inorganic iodine by thyroid, it also reduces the formation of di-iodotyrosine and thyroxine. Once converted to its active form of methimazole, it prevents the thyroid peroxidase enzyme from coupling and iodinating the tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, hence reducing the production of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 . Used:-  used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. side effects:- Skin rash, Headache, Nausea, Joint pain, Itching, Gastrointestinal disturb...

 Carboplatin Brand name:-   Oncocarbin 150mg inj. ,  Kemocarb150,450 mg/Vail inj. 400mg/m² .  Carboplatin is an anti-cancer medication . It is a less reactive second generation platinum compound that is better tolerated and has a toxicity profile different from Cisplatin.It works by damaging the genetic material (DNA and RNA) of the cancer cells which stops their growth and multiplication. Pharmacodynamic:-  Carboplatin is an organoplatinum antineoplastic alkylating agent used in the treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma. Carboplatin has a long duration of action as it is given every  weeks, and a narrow therapeutic index. Patients should be counselled regarding bone marrow suppression and anemia. Pharmacokinetics:- After a 1 hour infusion of carboplatin, the blood levels of total platinum and free platinum reduce in a biphasic manner. For the free platinum, the first phase of the half life (when the drug achieves half its plasma concentration) is ar...

 Cefazolin Brand name:- Reflin , Alcizon, Orizolin 0.25g , 0.5g ,1g per vial inj. Cefazolin is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic mainly used for the treatment of skin bacterial infections and other moderate to severe bacterial infections in the lung, bone, joint, stomach, blood, heart valve, and urinary tract. Pharmacodynamic:-  Cefazolin (also known as cefazoline or cephazolin) is a semi-synthetic first generation cephalosporin for parenteral administration. Cefazolin has broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. Mechanism of action:-  Cefazolin inhibits cell wall biosynthesis by binding penicillin-binding proteins which stops peptidoglycan synthesis. Penicillin-binding proteins are bacterial proteins that help to catalyze the last stages of peptidoglycan synthesis, which is needed to maintain the cell wall. They remove the D-alanine from the precursor o...

 Cefixime Brand name:- Topcef, orfix 100,200mgtab/ cap, cefspan ,Taxim- o ,zifi tab. Cefixime is an antibiotic. It kills the bacteria by preventing them from forming the bacterial protective covering (cell wall) which is needed for them to survive. Pharmacodynamic:- Cefixime, an antibiotic, is a third-generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Cefixime is highly stable in the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes. As a result, many organisms resistant to penicillins and some cephalosporins due to the presence of beta-lactamases, may be susceptible to cefixime. The antibacterial effect of cefixime results from inhibition of mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall.  Mechanism of action:-  The bactericidal action of Cefixime is due to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It binds to one of the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) which inhibits the final transpeptidation step of the peptidoglycan synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thus inhibiting bios...

 Cefotaxime Brand name:- Omnatax, Oritaxim, Claforan 0.25,0.5.1.0g per vial inj. Cefotaxime is an antibiotic. It kills the bacteria by preventing them from forming the bacterial protective covering (cell wall) which is needed for them to survive. Pharmacodynamic:-  Cefotaxime is a third generation intravenous cephalosporin antibiotic. It has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. It does not have activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cefotaxime works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. A positive feature of cefotaxime is that it display a resistance to penicillinases and is useful to treat infections that are resistant to penicillin derivatives. Mechanism of action:- Cefotaxime is a β-lactam antibiotic (which refers to the structural components of the drug molecule itself). As a class, β-lactams inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This inhibits the final tra...

 Ceftazidime 

 Ceftriaxone Brand name:- Oframax, Monocef, Monotax 0.25,0.5.1.0g per vial inj. Ceftriaxone is an antibiotic belonging to the cephalosporin group, which is used to treat bacterial infections in your body. It is effective in infections of the brain (e.g., meningitis), lungs (e.g., pneumonia), ear, urinary tract, skin & soft tissues, bones & joints, blood, and heart. Pharmacodynamic:-  Ceftriaxone is a cephalosporin/cephamycin beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually gram-positive, organisms. Ceftriaxone has in vitro activity against gram-positive aerobic, gram-negative aerobic, and anaerobic bacteria.The bactericidal activity of ceftriaxone results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through ceftriaxone binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Ceftriaxone is stable against hydrolysis by a variety of beta-lactamases, including penicillinases, and cephalosporinases and extended-spectru...

 Cephalexin (ZYD) (Cefalexin) Brand name:-  Cephacillin 250,500mg cap; Sporidex, Alcephin,Cephaxin cap. Cephalexin (also called Cefalexin)  is the most common used orally effective first generation cephalosporin , similar in spectrum to cefazolin , but less active against penicillinase producing staphylococci and H. Influenza. Plasma protein binding is low; it attains High concentration in bile and is excreted unchanged in urine; t½ - 60min. Pharmacodynamic:-  Cephalexin (also called Cefalexin) is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics, often used for the treatment of superficial infections that result as complications of minor wounds or lacerations.Label It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria through its inihibition of the cross linking reaction between N-acetyl muramicacid and N-acetylglucosamine in the cell wall, leading to cell lysis. Pharmacokinetics:- Cephalexin is rapidly and almost complet...

 Cetrimide Brand name:- Cetavlon concentrate: cetrimide 20% , Savlon liquid,Cetavlex cream, Savlon hospital concentration. Cetrimide is a soapy powder with a faint fishy odour. Used as 1-3% solution, it has good cleansing action, efficiently removing dirt,grease,tar and congealed blood from road side accident wounds. Alone or in combination with chlorhexidine, it is one of the most popular hospital antiseptic and disinfectant for surgical instruments, utensils, baths etc. Pharmacodynamic:-  (Not available.) Mechanics of action:- (Not available.)  used:-  Cetrimide is an antiseptic and disinfectant first aid medicine used for cleaning wounds and treating minor burns, scalds, abrasions, and even seborrheic dermatitis. It is also used to cure insect bites, sunburn and pimples.  side effects:-  Contraindicated in patients known hypersensitivity. Dose:- Apply care fully on affected area & as directed by your doctor & Health care staff.

 Cetirizine Brand name:- Alerid,cetzine,zirtin,sizon 10mg tab 5mg/5ml syr.  Cetirizine is an antihistaminic medication. It treats allergy symptoms such as itching, swelling, and rashes by blocking the effects of a chemical messenger (histamine) in the body. Mechanism of action:- Cetirizine is a fast-acting, highly selective antagonist of the peripheral histamine H1 receptor. The H1-receptors inhibited by cetirizine are primarily on respiratory smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, immune cells, and the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike first-generation antihistamines such as diphenhydramine and doxylamine, cetirizine does not cross the blood-brain barrier to a large extent, avoiding the neurons of the central nervous system. As a result, cetirizine produces minimal sedation compared to many first-generation antihistamines. Given its antagonism with histamine H1-receptors, cetirizine effectively reverses many of the effects of histamine. Like other second-generation ant...

 Chlorambucil Brand name:- Leukeran 2,5 mg tab. Chlorambucil is a very slow acting alkylating agent, especially active on lymphoid tissue: Myeloid tissue is largely spared. It is the drug of choice for long- trem maintenance therapy for chronic lymphatic leukaemia; non - Hodgkin lymphoma and few solid tumors also resolve. It has some immunosuppressant property. Pharmacodynamic:-  Chlorambucil is an antineoplastic in the class of alkylating agents that is used to treat various forms of cancer. Alkylating agents are so named because of their ability to add alkyl groups to many electronegative groups under conditions present in cells. They stop tumor growth by cross-linking guanine bases in DNA double-helix strands - directly attacking DNA. This makes the strands unable to uncoil and separate. As this is necessary in DNA replication, the cells can no longer divide. In addition, these drugs add methyl or other alkyl groups onto molecules where they do not belong which in turn inhi...

 Chloramphenicol Brand name:- Chloromycetin,Enteromycetin,Paraxin 250,500mg cap.  Chloramphenicol was initially obtained from streptomyces venezuelae in 1947 . It was soon synthesized chemically and the commercial product now is all synthetic. It is a yellowish white crystalline solid, aqueous solution is quite stable, stands boiling, but needs protection from light. The nitrobenzene moiety of chloramphenicol is probably responsible for the antibacterial activity as well as its intensely bitter taste. Mechanicsm of action:- Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by interfering with 'transfer' of the elongating peptide chain to the newly attached aminoacyl-tRNA at the ribosome- mRNA complex. It specifically attaches to the 50S ribosome near the acceptor (A) site and prevents peptide bond formation between the newly attached aminoacid and the nascent peptide chain without interfering with the aminoacyl-tRNA attachment to the 30S ribosome (the step blocked by tetrac...

 Chlorhexidine Brand name:- Savlon or etc. A power, nonirritating,cationic antiseptic that disrupts bacterial cell membrane. A secondary action is denaturation of microbial proteins. It is relatively more active against gram - positive bacteria. Like hexachlorophene it persists on the skin.  Mechanics of action:-  At physiologic pH, chlorhexidine salts dissociate and release the positively charged chlorhexidine cation. The bactericidal effect is a result of the binding of this cationic molecule to negatively charged bacterial cell walls. At low concentrations of chlorhexidine, this results in a bacteriostatic effect; at high concentrations, membrane disruption results in cell death. Pharmacodynamic:-  Chlorhexidine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial with demonstrated activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and viruses.2 Antimicrobial activity is dose-dependent - chlorhexidine is bacteriostatic at lower concentrations (0.02%-0.06%) and b...

 Chloroquine(CQ)  Brand name:- Resochin, cloquin, lariago,Nivaquin-p 250mg tab. Chloroquine is an antiparasitic medication that treats malaria. It works by increasing the levels of haeme in the blood, a substance toxic to the malarial parasite. This kills the parasite and stops the infection from spreading. Pharmacodynamic:-  Chloroquine inhibits the action of heme polymerase, which causes the buildup of toxic heme in Plasmodium species. It has a long duration of action as the half life is 20-60 days.10 Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of retinopathy with long term usage or high dosage, muscle weakness, and toxicity in children. Pharmacokinetics:-  Oral absorption of CQ is excellent. About 50% gets bound in the plasma. It has high affinity for melanin and nuclear chromatic: gets tightly bound to these tissue constituents and is concentrated in liver , spleen, kidney,lungs (several hundred -fold), skin , leucocytes and some other tissues. It's selectiv...