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Cefoperazone  Brand name:- Magnamycin 0.25g,1,2g inj. , Cefomycin, negaplus . Cefoperazone is an antibiotic. It kills the bacteria by preventing them from forming the bacterial protective covering (cell wall) which is needed for them to survive. Pharmacodynamic:- Cefoperazone is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefoperazone exerts its bactericidal effect by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall synthesis.  Mechanism of action:-  Cefoperazone exerts its bactericidal effect by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall synthesis, and sulbactam acts as a beta-lactamase inhibitor, to increase the antibacterial activity of cefoperazone against beta-lactamase-producing organisms. used:- Used in the treatment of bacterial infections.  side effects:-  Diarrhea, Itching, Decreased hemoglobin, Decreased hematocrit level, Decreased white blood cell count (neutrophils), Positive Coombs test, Low blood platelets, Increased white blood cell count (eosinophils), Injection sit...

 Cefepime Brand name:- Kefage , ceficad, cepime0.5 , 1.0 g inj. Cefepime is an antibiotic. It kills bacteria by preventing them from forming the bacterial protective covering (cell wall) which is needed for them to survive. Pharmacodynamic:- Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is active against Gram-negative bacteria such as Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Viridans group streptococci. Compared to third-generation cephalosporins, cefepime has an extended Gram-negative coverage. Whereas other cephalosporins are degraded by plasmid- and chromosome-mediated beta-lactamases, cefepime is stable and not significantly hydrolyzed by these enzymes. Cefepime is also a poor inducer of type 1 beta-lactamases and, therefore, a good alternative agains...

 Cefdinir Brand name:- Sefdin , Adcef 300mg cap. Cefdinir is an antibiotic. It kills the bacteria by preventing them from forming the bacterial protective covering (cell wall) which is needed for them to survive. Pharmacodynamic:-  Cefdinir is a bactericidal agent that treats bacterial infections by interfering with cell wall synthesis. Cefdinir exerts broad-spectrum activity against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections. It is effective against several beta-lactamase enzyme producing bacteria. As a result, many organisms that are resistant to other cephalosporins may be susceptible to cefdinir. Mechanism of action:-  Cefdinir are bactericidal and, like other β-lactam antibiotics, disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer forming the bacterial cell wall. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity. The final transpeptidation step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan is facilitated by penicillin-binding protei...

 Cefadroxil Brand name:- Droxyl 0.5 ,cefadrox , Keffloxin 0.5 cap .0.25 Distab ,125mg/5ml susp. Cefadroxil is an antibiotic. It kills bacteria by preventing them from forming the bacterial protective covering (cell wall) which is needed for them to survive. Pharmacodynamic:- Cefadroxil, a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, is used to treat urinary tract infections, skin and skin structure infections, pharyngitis, and tonsillitis. Pharmacokinetics:- Cefadroxil is almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. After doses of 500 mg and 1 g by mouth, peak plasma concentrations of about 16 and 30 micrograms/ml, respectively, are obtained after 1.5 to 2.0 hours. Although peak concentrations are similar to those of cefalexin, plasma concentrations are more sustained. Dosage with food does not appear to affect the absorption of cefadroxil. About 20% of cefadroxil is reported to be bound to plasma proteins. Its plasma half-life is about 1.5 hours and is prolonged in pa...

 Cefaclor Brand name:- Keflor ,vercef , Distaclor 250mg cap. 50mg/ml ped. Drop. Cefaclor is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat certain bacterial infections such as pneumonia and infections of the ear, lung, skin, throat, and urinary tract. It is also available from other manufacturers as a generic. Pharmacodynamic:-  Cefaclor is a second generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a spectrum resembling first-generation cephalosporins. In vitro tests demonstrate that the bactericidal action of the cephalosporins results from inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. As indicated by in vitro and in vivo clinical studies, cefaclor was shown to be effective against most strains of Gram positive aerobes - Staphylococci (including coagulase-positive, coagulase-negative, and penicillinase-producing strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes (group A ß-hemolytic streptococci), as well as Gram-negative aerobes - Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (in...

 Castor oil Brand name:- Many brand available in BHARAT 🇮🇳. Castor Oil is pressed virgin oil that is beneficial for constipation. Castor oil is a common ingredient in many beauty products. It is rich in essential fatty acids that moisturize the skin. It is a good source of vitamin E, omega-9, and omega-6. It has laxative properties, is anti-inflammatory and is useful for wounds. Pharmacodynamic:- 🚫 Not available .  Mechanism of action:- 🚫 Not available.  Used:-  •Castor oil is a thick, odourless oil made from the seeds of the castor plant.   •It is pressed virgin oil that is beneficial for constipation.   •It is rich in essential fatty acids that moisturize the skin. Side effects:-  Common side effects  Nausea, Vomiting, abdominal pain or fullness, Thirst, Dizziness, Diarrhea, Anal irritation, Insomnia Dose:- 15-20 ml (adult) 5-15ml (children) in generally taken in the morning. Use as directed by your doctor.

 Caspofungin Brand name:- Cancidas tab & injection. Caspofungin is a drug in the echinocandins class of medications used to manage and treat several medical conditions. These conditions include febrile neutropenia, candida infections, invasive candidiasis, esophageal candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis. Pharmacodynamic:- Caspofungin is an antifungal drug, and belongs to a new class termed the echinocandins. It is used to treat Aspergillus and Candida infection, and works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Antifungals in the echinocandin class inhibit the synthesis of glucan in the cell wall, probably via the enzyme 1,3-beta glucan synthase. There is a potential for resistance development to occur, however in vitro resistance development to Caspofungin by Aspergillus species has not been studied.  Mechanism of action:-  Caspofungin inhibits the synthesis of beta-(1,3)-D-glucan, an essential component of the cell wall of Aspergillus species and Candida species. beta...

 Carvedilol Brand name:- Carvil, carloc, carvas , Oricar  tab. Carvedilol is an alpha and beta blocker. It works by slowing down the heart rate and relaxing blood vessels which makes the heart more efficient at pumping blood around the body. Pharmacodynamic:-  Carvedilol reduces tachycardia through beta adrenergic antagonism and lowers blood pressure through alpha-1 adrenergic antagonism. It has a long duration of action as it is generally taken once daily and has a broad therapeutic index as patients generally take 10-80mg daily. Patients taking carvedilol should not abruptly stop taking this medication as this may exacerbate coronary artery disease. Mechanism of action:-  Carvedilol is a cardiovascular agent for the treatment of CHF that combines beta - adrenoceptor blockade and vasodilation in a single racemic mixture . Non selective beta - adrenoceptor blocking activity present in the S(-)  enantiomer and alpha 1 - adrenoceptor blocking activity in present...

 Carisoprodol Brand name:- carisoma , somaflam . Carisoprodol is a muscle relaxant. It works on the centres in the brain and spinal cord to relieve muscle stiffness or spasm without reduction in strength. This improves pain and movement of muscles. Pharmacodynamic:- Carisoprodol is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant that does not act directly on skeletal muscle but acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS). This drug relieves the painful effects of muscle spasm . A metabolite of carisoprodol, meprobamate, possesses both anxiolytic and sedative properties Label. Clinical studies have shown that this drug causes impairment of psychomotor performance in neuropsychological tests.  Mechanism of action:-  The mechanism of action of carisoprodol in relieving discomfort associated with acute painful musculoskeletal conditions has not been confirmed. In studies using animal models, the muscle relaxation that is induced by carisoprodol is associated with a change i...

 Carbocisteine Brand name:- Carbomox, Mucodyne 375mg , Carbicef cap. Carbocisteine is a mucolytic medication. It thins and loosens mucus (phlegm) in the nose, windpipe and lungs making it easier to cough out. Pharmacodynamic:-  Due to its mucolytic effects, carbocisteine significantly reduces sputum viscosity, cough, dyspnea and fatigue.1,2 Additionally, it prevents pulmonary infections by decreasing accumulated mucus in the respiratory tract; this is especially beneficial in preventing exacerbations of COPD caused by bacteria and viruses. It has in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity with some demonstrated action against free radicals. Mechanism of action:-  The hypersecretion of mucus characterizes serious respiratory conditions including asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It blocks bacterial adherence to cells, preventing pulmonary infections. Glycoproteins (fucomucins, sialomucins and sulfomucins) regulate the viscoelastic pro...

 Carbidopa Brand name:- lodosyn.  Carbidopa is always given with levodopa. It works by preventing levodopa from being broken down before it reaches the brain. This allows for a lower dose of levodopa, which causes less nausea and vomiting. Pharmacodynamic:-  When mixed with levodopa, carbidopa inhibits the peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine and the decarboxylation of oxitriptan to serotonin by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. This results in an increased amount of levodopa and oxitriptan available for transport to the central nervous system. Carbidopa also inhibits the metabolism of levodopa in the GI tract, thus, increasing the bioavailability of levodopa. The presence of additional units of circulating levodopa can increase the effectiveness of the still functional dopaminergic neurons and it has been shown to alleviate symptoms for a time. The action of carbidopa is very important as levodopa is able to cross the blood-brain barrier while dopamine cannot...

 carbetocin Brand name:- Pabal, Duratocin. Carbetocin belongs to a class of medicines called oxytocin receptor agonists. Oxytocin is the hormone that helps in muscle contraction during labor. This medicine binds with oxytocin receptors present on the smooth muscles of the uterus and helps in muscle contractions. These rhythmic contractions of the uterus help in childbirth and prevent excessive bleeding after childbirth. Pharmacodynamic:- Carbetocin is a drug used to control postpartum hemorrhage, bleeding after giving birth. It is sold under the trade name Duratocin. It is an analogue of oxytocin, and its action is similar to that of oxytocin; it causes contraction of the uterus.   Mechanism of action:-  Carbetocin binds to oxytocin receptors present on the smooth musculature of the uterus, resulting in rhythmic contractions of the uterus, increased frequency of existing contractions, and increased uterine tone. The oxytocin receptor content of the uterus is very low in t...

 Carbenicillin  Brand name:-  Carbelin 1g ,5g per Vail inj. Carbenicillin is a bactericidal antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It was discovered by scientists at Beecham and marketed as Pyopen. It has Gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited Gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes, although they are more resistant than ampicillin to degradation. Carbenicillin is also more stable at lower pH than ampicillin. Pharmacodynamic:- Carbenicillin is a semisynthetic penicillin. Though carbenicillin provides substantial in vitro activity against a variety of both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, the most important aspect of its profile is in its antipseudomonal and antiproteal activity. Because of the high urine levels obtained following administration, carbenicillin has demonstrated clinical efficacy in urinary infections due to sus...