webmedi.blogspot.com

 Colidine  Brand name:- Catapres 150ug , Arkamine 100ug tab. Clonidine is an alpha-2 agonist. It works by relaxing blood vessels which makes the heart more efficient at pumping blood around the body. Pharmacodynamic:-  Clonidine functions through agonism of alpha-2 adrenoceptors which have effects such as lowering blood pressure, sedation, and hyperpolarization of nerves. It has a long duration of action as it is given twice daily and the therapeutic window is between 0.1mg and 2.4mg daily. Pharmacokinetics:-  Colidine is well absorbed orally; peak occurs in 2-4 hours; ½ to⅔ of an oral dose is excreted unchanged in urine, the rest as metabolites. Plasma t½ is 8-12 hours . Effects of a single dose lasts for 6-24 hours .  Mechanism of action:- Clonidine is primarily an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist which causes central hypotensive and anti -arrhythmogenic effects. The alpha-2 adrenoceptor is coupled to the G-proteins Go and Gi. Gi inhibits adenylyl cyclase and acti...

Clonazepam  Brand name:- Lonazepam , Clonapax , Rivotril 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg tab. Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine. It works by increasing the action of a chemical messenger (GABA) which suppresses the abnormal and excessive activity of the nerve cells in the brain. Pharmacodynamic:- The pharmacodynamic properties of clonazepam are common among benzodiazepines and include anticonvulsive, sedative, muscle relaxing and anxiolytic effects . Animal data and electroencephalographic investigations in man have shown that clonazepam rapidly suppresses many types of paroxysmal activity including the spike and wave discharge in absence seizures (petit mal), slow spike wave, generalized spike wave, spikes with temporal or other locations, as well as irregular spikes and waves Label . Moreover, the agent can also decrease the frequency, amplitude, duration, and spread of discharge in minor motor seizures Label . Generalized EEG abnormalities are more readily suppressed by clonazepam than are focal ...

 Clofibrate Brand name:- Unknown  Clofibrate is a fibric acid derivative used in the therapy of hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia. Clofibrate therapy is associated with mild and transient serum aminotransferase elevations and with rare instances of acute liver injury. Pharmacodynamic:- Clofibrate is an anti-lipidemic agent similar to gemfibrozil. It acts to lower elevated serum lipids by reducing the very low-density lipoprotein fraction (Sf 20-400) rich in triglycerides. Serum cholesterol may be decreased, particularly in those patients whose cholesterol elevation is due to the presence of IDL as a result of Type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Several investigators have observed in their studies that clofibrate may produce a decrease in cholesterol linoleate but an increase in palmitoleate and oleate, the latter being considered atherogenic in experimental animals. The significance of this finding is unknown at this time. Reduction of triglycerides in some patients treated wit...

 Clobetasol Butyrate Brand name:- Eumosone cream. Clobetasol cream, clobeta.  Clobetasone is a corticosteroid that is often employed topically as a treatment for a variety of conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, various forms of dermatitis, and also for certain ophthalmologic conditions. Topical clobetasone butyrate has shown minimal suppression of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Pharmacodynamic:-  Topical corticosteroid like clobetasone are synthetic derivatives of cortisone which produce anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, immunosuppressive and vasoconstrictor effects when applied to the skin. Mechanism of action:-  Topically applied clobetasol are thought to bind with cytoplasmic receptors in the dermal and intradermal cells and to induce inhibitory proteins, thus leading to decreased activity of prostaglandins, kinins, histamine, liposomal enzymes and other endogenous mediators of inflammation. Topical corticosteroids inhibit the migration of macropha...

 Clobazam Brand name:- Frisium , Lobazam, Clobazam 5,10,20mg cap. Clobazam is a benzodiazepine. It works by increasing the action of a chemical messenger (GABA) which suppresses the abnormal and excessive activity of the nerve cells in the brain. Pharmacodynamic:- Clobazam belongs to the benzodiazepine class of drugs. Clobazam acts on the GABAA receptor to increase GABA nergic transmission, particularly chloride conductance in neurons. This causes neuronal hyperpolarization, resulting in an increase in the action potential threshold and reducing neuron firing frequency. Consequently, the general neuronal activity of the central nervous system is depressed; therefore, clobazam can be used to treat diseases caused by excessive excitatory action potentials. The effect of clobazam 20 mg and 80 mg administered twice daily on QTc interval was evaluated in a randomized, evaluator-blinded, placebo-, and active-controlled (moxifloxacin 400 mg) parallel thorough QT study in 280 healthy subje...

 Clemastine Brand name:- Tavegyl 1mg tab. Clemastine is an antihistaminic medication. It blocks the action of certain chemical messengers that are responsible for inflammation, congestion, itching, and other allergic reactions. Pharmacodynamic:-  Clemastine is an antihistamine that also induces anticholinergic and sedative effects. Antihistamines competitively antagonize various physiological effects of histamine including increased capillary permeability and dilatation, the formation of edema, the "flare" and "itch" response, and gastrointestinal and respiratory smooth muscle constriction. Within the vascular tree, H1- receptor antagonists inhibit both the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator effects of histamine. Depending on the dose, H1- receptor antagonists can produce CNS stimulation or depression. Most antihistamines exhibit central and/or peripheral anticholinergic activity. Antihistamines act by competitively blocking H1- receptor sites. Antihistamines do not ph...

 Clavulanic acid Brand name:- Agumentine, Amoxyclav, Clavam, Mahacef cv 625. Clavulanic acid is a β- lactam drug that functions as a mechanism-based β -lactamase inhibitor. While not effective by itself as an antibiotic, when combined with penicillin-group antibiotics, it can overcome antibiotic resistance in bacteria that secrete β -lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. It is mostly used with amoxycillin combination. Amoxycillin + Clavulanic Acid is a combination of two medicines: amoxycillin and Clavulanic Acid. Amoxycillin is an antibiotic. It works by preventing the formation of the bacterial protective covering which is essential for the survival of bacteria. Clavulanic Acid is a beta- lactamase inhibitor which reduces resistance and enhances the activity of amoxycillin against bacteria. Pharmacodynamic:- Clavulanic acid inactivates some beta-lactamase enzymes that are produced by bacteria, therefore preventing enzymatic destruction of amoxicillin. This help...

 Calrithromycin Brand name:- Claribid 250,500mg tabs, Clarimac 250, 500mg tabs , Synclar 250mg tab. Clarithromycin is an antibiotic. It works by preventing synthesis of essential proteins required by bacteria to carry out vital functions. Thus, it stops the bacteria from growing, and prevents the infection from spreading. Pharmacodynamic:- Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic whose spectrum of activity includes many gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, S. pneumoniae, and S. pyogenes) and gram-negative aerobic bacteria (Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis), many anaerobic bacteria, some mycobacteria, and some other organisms including Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Chlamydia, Toxoplasma, and Borrelia. Other aerobic bacteria that clarithromycin has activity against include C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae. Clarithromycin has an in-vitro activity that is similar or greater than that of erythromycin against erythromycin-susceptible organisms. Clarithromyci...

 Citicoline Brand name:- Citilin, Citinova 500mg tab, 500mg/2ml injection., Strolin 500mg tab, Strocit, Ceham ,Citistar. Citicoline, also known as cytidine diphosphate-choline or cytidine 5 '-diphosphocholine is an intermediate in the generation of phosphatidylcholine from choline, a common biochemical process in cell membranes. Citicoline is naturally occurring in the cells of human and animal tissue, in particular the organs.  Pharmacodynamic:-  Citicoline increased choline acetyltransferase expression for phosphatidylcholine synthesis after hypoglycemia. These findings suggest that neuronal membrane stabilization by citicoline administration can save neurons from the degeneration process after hypoglycemia, as seen in several ischemia studies. Pharmacokinetics:-  Administration of 300mg dose to healthy adults shows nearly complete absorption, with less than 1% of excretion in feces . The main route of excretion was found to be via a respiratory route, with signifi...

 Citalopram Brand name:- Citola ,Palocit, Olarc , C-pram, lopram , Celexa . Citalopram is one of a group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs. It is thought to be work by enhancing the level of mood-enhancing neurotransmitters called serotonin in the brain. This may help you to improve your energy level and feelings of well-being. Pharmacodynamic:- Citalopram belongs to a class of antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It has been found to relieve or manage symptoms of depression, anxiety, eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder among other mood disorders. The antidepressant, anti-anxiety, and other actions of citalopram are linked to its inhibition of CNS central uptake of serotonin.Serotonergic abnormalities have been reported in patients with mood disorders. Behavioral and neuropsychological effects of serotonin include the regulation of mood, perception, reward, anger, aggression, appetite, mem...

Cisatracurium Brand name:- Cisatra , Atrasic , Cicsblok, Atraflip C. Pharmacodynamic:-  The dose required to produce 95% suppression of twitch response to nerve stimulation ( ED95 ) of cisatracurium is 0.05 mg/kg in adults receiving opioid/nitrous oxide/oxygen anesthesia. The degree and duration of the neuromuscular block produced by cisatracurium increases in a dose-dependent manner, while the time to maximum neuromuscular block decreases. Compared to other neuromuscular blocking agents, it is intermediate in its onset and duration of action. Cisatracurium acts on cholinergic receptors, blocking neuromuscular transmission. This action is antagonized by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as neostigmine. The use of cisatracurium may lead to residual paralysis, as well as a higher risk of seizure. Medication errors increase the risk of death, and the use of certain drugs may potentiate the neuromuscular blocking action of cisatracurium. Mechanism of action:-  Like other non- d...

 Cisapride Brand name:- Pulsid , Cisar, Motilax, Prokin, Pryde. Cisapride is a gastroprokinetic agent, a drug that increases motility in the upper gastrointestinal tract. It acts directly as a serotonin 5-HT₄ receptor agonist and indirectly as a parasympathomimetic. Stimulation of the serotonin receptors increases acetylcholine release in the enteric nervous system. In many countries, it has been either withdrawn or had its indications limited because of reports of the side-effect long QT syndrome, which may cause arrhythmias. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning letter to doctors, and cisapride was voluntarily removed from the U.S. market on July 14, 2000. Pharmacodynamic:- Cisapride is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a serotonin 5- HT4 agonist; upon activation of the receptor signaling pathway, cisapride promotes the release of acetylcholine neurotransmitters in the enteric nervous system. Cisapride stimulates motility of the upper gastrointestinal tra...

 Cinnarizine  Brand name:- Stugeron, vertigon, vertin, Dizikind , DIZI, Convert. Cinnarizine is an antihistamine that stops you feeling or being sick (nausea or vomiting). It works by blocking the effects of histamine in your brain to reduce the symptoms of travel sickness (motion sickness). It also helps to improve blood flow in the inner ear. Pharmacodynamic:-  Cinnarizine is an antihistamine and a calcium channel blocker. Histamines mediate a number of activities such as contraction of smooth muscle of the airways and gastrointestinal tract, vasodilatation, cardiac stimulation, secretion of gastric acid, promotion of interleukin release and chemotaxis of eosinophils and mast cells. Competitive antagonists at histamine H1 receptors may be divided into first (sedating) and second (non-sedating) generation agents. Some, such as Cinnarizine also block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and are used as anti-emetic agents. Cinnarizine through its calcium channel blocking abi...