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 Carbachol  Brand name:- Miostat. Carbachol, also known as carbamylcholine and sold under the brand name Miostat among others, is a cholinomimetic drug that binds and activates acetylcholine receptors. Thus it is classified as a cholinergic agonist. It is primarily used for various ophthalmic purposes, such as for treating glaucoma, or for use during ophthalmic surgery. It is generally administered as an ophthalmic solution (i.e., eye drops). Pharmacodynamic:-  Carbamoylcholine is a parasympathomimetic that acts as an agonist of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. It is more resistant to hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase than other choline esters leading to a longer duration of action, with significant effects 24 hours after administration.5 Data regarding the therapeutic index of carbamoylcholine is not readily available. Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of administering the drug to patients with acute cardiac failure, bronchial asthma, peptic ulcer, hyp...

 Captopril Brand name:- Angiopril 25mg tab, Aceten, Captopril 12.5, 25mg tab. Captopril is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. It works by reducing stress on the heart and relaxing blood vessel so that blood flows more smoothly and the heart can pump blood more efficiently. Pharmacodynamic:-  Captopril, an ACE inhibitor, antagonizes the effect of the RAAS. The RAAS is a homeostatic mechanism for regulating hemodynamics, water and electrolyte balance. During sympathetic stimulation or when renal blood pressure or blood flow is reduced, renin is released from the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys. In the blood stream, renin cleaves circulating angiotensinogen to ATI, which is subsequently cleaved to ATII by ACE. ATII increases blood pressure using a number of mechanisms. First, it stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone travels to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting tubule of nephrons w...

 Candesartan Brand name:- Candesartan 4,8,10mg tab, Candilong,candestan 4,8 mg tabs. Candesartan has the highest affinity for the AT¹ receptor and produces largely insurmountable antagonism , probably due to slow dissociation. Elimination occurs by both hepatic metabolism and renal excretion with a t½ of 8 -12 hours: action lasts 24hours . Pharmacodynamic:-  Candesartan cilexetil is an ARB prodrug that is rapidly converted to candesartan, its active metabolite, during absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Candesartan confers blood pressure lowering effects by antagonizing the hypertensive effects of angiotensin II via the RAAS. RAAS is a homeostatic mechanism for regulating hemodynamics, water and electrolyte balance. During sympathetic stimulation or when renal blood pressure or blood flow is reduced, renin is released from granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys. Renin cleaves circulating angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is cleaved by angi...

 Calcium Brand name:- calcinol, cipcal ,M ilical, Calcium sandoze, Shelcal ,  Macalvit . Calcium is a mineral found in over-the-counter supplements or prescription formulations used for the treatment of specific medical conditions related to calcium deficiency.  PREPARATION:-  1. Calcium carbonate (40% Ca) : It is an insoluble, tasteless and nonirritating salt. Reacts with gastric HCL  to form cholride, and can be used as antacid. It is the most common salt present in calcium supplements, but gastric acid is required for  converting it into the absorbable form . Calcium availability from it is poor in patients taking proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) ,H² blocker, and in elderly. 2.  Calcium citrate ( as tetrahydrate , 21% Ca²+ ) : Slightly soluble in water, but dissolve well in presence of HCL . It is nonirritating and is used in supplements; absorption in patients taking PPIs/H² blocker and elderly is satisfactory. 3. Calcium gluconate (9% Ca) : is availa...

 Calcitriol  Brand name:- Caltrol, Rolsical ,Rocaltrol 0.25ùg cap. Calcibest 1ml aqueous inj; Calcitriol is the active form of Vitamin D. It raises Vitamin D levels in your blood. This in turn raises calcium levels in your blood by helping you absorb more calcium from your intestine. Pharmacodynamic:- Calcitriol is a biologically active calcitrophic hormone with anti-osteoporotic, immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic, antipsoriatic, antioxidant, and mood-modulatory activities. Its main sites of action are the intestine, bone, kidney and parathyroid hormone Label. Calcitriol is a ligand for the vitamin D nuclear receptor, which is expressed in, but not limited to, gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, bones, and kidneys . As an active form of vitamin D3, calcitriol elevates the plasma levels of calcium by stimulating intestinal calcium uptake, increasing reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, and possibly increasing the release of calcium from skeletal stores. The duration of pharmacol...

Calcitonin Brand name:- Calsynar , Zycalcit 100IU/ml amp. Calcitonin (Salmon) is a calcitonin receptor agonist. It acts by suppressing the activity of osteoclasts, cells that cause destruction of bone, thereby strengthening the bones and minimizing the risk of fractures. Pharmacodynamic:-  Administration of human calcitonin has shown to increase bone calcium content and reduce the levels of serum calcium and serum phosphorus. This calcium inhibition leads to decreases in urinary calcium, magnesium and urine hydroxyproline. Some reports indicate a calcitonin-driven reduction of phosphate plasma concentration which is thought to be related to increased excretion of phosphate. Calcitonin can increase excretion of calcium, phosphate, and sodium. It also is proven to induce the appearance of normal lamellar bone against the diseased trabeculae and a striking decrease in the number of osteoclasts. Bone pain tends to be relieved within a few weeks, and it does not present an important eff...

 Calcipotriol Brand Name:- Daivonex 0.0005% oint. Calcipotriol is a synthetic form of vitamin D belonging to the class of medicines called ‘anti-psoriatics’. It lowers the rate with which skin cells grow, thereby controlling the psoriatic condition. Pharmacodynamic:- Calcipotriene is a synthetic analog of vitamin D. In humans, the natural supply of vitamin D depends mainly on exposure to the ultraviolet rays of the sun for conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in the skin.  Pharmacokinetics:- After application and systemic uptake, calcipotriol undergoes rapid hepatic metabolism. Calcipotriol is metabolized to MC1046 (the α,β−unsaturated ketone analog), which is subsequently metabolized to its primary metabolite, the saturated ketone analog MC1080. MC1080 is then slowly metabolized to calcitroic acid. The metabolites of calcipotriol are less potent than the parent compound. mechanism of action:-  The efficacy of calcipotriol in the treatment of...

 Calciferol (vit D2)Ergocalciferol Brand name:- calciferol, Ergocalciferol, vit D2 . Calciferol (ergocalciferol) is vitamin D2 used to treat hypoparathyroidism (decreased functioning of the parathyroid glands), and is also used to treat rickets (softening of the bones caused by vitamin D deficiency) or low levels of phosphate in the blood (hypophosphatemia). Calciferol is available in generic form. Pharmacodynamic:-  After the activation of the vitamin D receptor, some of the biological changes produced by ergocalciferol include mobilization and accretion of calcium and phosphorus in the bone, absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestine, and reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus in the kidney. Some other effects known to be produced due to the presence of vitamin D are osteoblast formation, fetus development, induction of pancreatic function, induction of neural function, improvement of immune function, cellular growth and cellular differentiation. When compared to ...

 Cabergoline  Brand name:- Caberlin 0.5mg tab, Comforter 0.5, 1mg tabs. Cabergoline is a dopamine receptor agonist used for the treatment of hyperprolactinemic conditions due to various causes. It is a newer D2 agonist; more potent; more D2 selective and longer acting (t½ >60 hours) than bromocriptine ; needs to be given only twice weekly.   Pharmacodynamic:- Cabergoline stimulates centrally-located dopaminergic receptors resulting in a number of pharmacologic effects. Five dopamine receptor types from two dopaminergic subfamilies have been identified. The dopaminergic D1 receptor subfamily consists of D1 and D5 subreceptors, which are associated with dyskinesias. The dopaminergic D2 receptor subfamily consists of D2, D3 and D4 subreceptors, which are associated with improvement of symptoms of movement disorders. Thus, agonist activity specific for D2 subfamily receptors, primarily D2 and D3 receptor subtypes, are the primary targets of dopaminergic antiparkinsoni...

 Calamine Brand name:- Calacreme 5% cream,Calaminol 5% and Calamyl 10% emulsion. Calamine has mild astringent and antipruritic actions. Calamine is an anti-itch medication that works by causing a cooling sensation as it evaporates on your skin. Pharmacodynamic:- Not available .  Mechanism of action:- Not available.  used:- used to relieve pain, itching, and discomfort from minor skin irritations such as poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac.  side effects:-  Itching, Skin irritation, Erythema (skin redness). Dose :-  Topically apply on affected area.

 Capreomycin  Brand name :- Kapocin 0.5g ,0.75g ,1.0g inj, Capreotec 1.0 inj. Capreomycin is a cyclic peptide antibiotic, Chemically very different from aminoglycosides , but with similar mycobactericidal  activity , Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity . In addition, Cm often causes eosinophilia ,rashes , fever and injection site pain .  It is given by injection into a vein or muscle. Pharmacodynamic:-  Capreomycin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria, including bacteria responsible for causing tuberculosis (TB). Mechanism of action:- Capreomycin is a cyclic polypeptide  antimicrobial . It is administered as mixture of capreomycin IA and capreomycin IB. The mechanism of action of capreomycin is not well understood  . Mycobacterial species that have become resistant  to other agent are usually still sensitive to the action of capreomycin. However , significant cros...

 Carbamazepine Brand name:- Tegretol, Mazetol, Carbazole, Mazetol sr , Tegrital Cr 200,400mg tab. Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant used to treat various types of seizures and pain resulting from trigeminal neuralgia. Pharmacodynamic:-  General effects  Carbamazepine treats seizures and the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia by inhibiting sodium channels. In bipolar  1 disorder, carbamazepine has been found to decrease mania symptoms in a clinically significant manner according to the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS).Carbamazepine has a narrow therapeutic index. A note on genetic variation and carbamazepine use In studies of Han Chinese ancestry patients, a pronounced association between the HLA-B*1502 genotype and Steven Johnson syndrome and/or toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) resulting from carbamazepine use was observed. Pharmacokinetics:-  Oral absorption of carbamazepine is slow and variable because of poor water solubility. It is 75% bound to plasma prot...